以太坊是基于脚本、竞争币和链上元协议（on-chain meta-protocol）概念进行整合和提高，使得开发者能够创建任意的基于共识的、可扩展的、标准化的、特性完备的、易于开发的和协同的应用。以太坊通过建立终极的抽象的基础层——内置有图灵完备编程语言的区块链，使得任何人都能够创建合约和去中心化应用，并在其中设立他们自由定义的所有权规则、交易方式和状态转换函数。
By building the ultimate abstract fundamental layer – a block chain with a fully programmed language – it allows anyone to create contracts and decentralised applications, and to create their freely defined ownership rules, modes of dealing and status conversion functions.
简单点说，以太坊是建立在区块链和数字资产概念之上的一个全新开放的区块链平台。在这个平台上，它允许任何人在平台中建立和通过使用区块链技术运行去中心化的应用。
In short, Ether is a completely new and open block chain platform based on block chains and the concept of digital assets. On this platform, it allows anyone to create and decentralize applications in the platform using block chain technology.
以太坊的出现，意味着区块链从1.0时代（货币与转账、汇款和数字化支付相关的密码学货币应用）迈入2.0时代（合约经济、市场和金融的区块链应用的基石，例如股票、债券、期货、贷款、抵押、产权、智能财产和智能合约）。
The emergence of Etheria means that the block chain has moved from the 1.0 to the 2.0 era (the crypto-currency applications associated with currency transfers, remittances and digital payments) (the cornerstones of the block-chain application of the contractual economy, markets and finance, such as stocks, bonds, futures, loans, mortgages, property rights, smart property and smart contracts).
比特币开创了去中心化数字货币的先河，多年的时间充分检验了区块链技术的可行性和安全性。然而比特币作为一次数字货币的伟大尝试，她并不完美，其中，协议的扩展性是一项不足，例如比特币网络里只有一种符号——比特币，用户无法自定义另外的符号，这些符号可以是代表公司的股票，或者是债务凭证等。
Bitcoin has created a prelude to decentralizing digital money, and for many years has fully tested the viability and security of block chain technology. But she is not perfect as a great attempt at digital currency, in which the extension of the protocol is a weakness, such as the fact that there is only one symbol in the Bitcoin network — bitcoin — the user cannot define another symbol, which may be a stock representing the company or a debt certificate.
比特币协议里使用了一套基于堆栈的脚本语言，这语言虽然具有一定灵活性，使得像多重签名这样的功能得以实现，然而却不足以构建更高级的应用。比特币系统的脚本语言存在一些严重的限制：
The Bitcoin agreement uses a stack-based script language, which, although flexible, allows functions like multiple signatures to be performed, is not enough to build higher-level applications. There are some serious limitations to the script language of the Bitcoin system:
- 缺少图灵完备性。这就是说，尽管比特币脚本语言可以支持多种计算，但是它不能支持所有的计算，最主要的缺失是循环语句。不支持循环语句的目的是避免交易确认时出现无限循环。
- 价值盲（Value-blindness）。UTXO脚本不能为账户的取款额度提供精细的控制。
- 缺少状态。UTXO只能是已花费或者未花费状态，这就没有给需要任何其它内部状态的多阶段合约或者脚本留出生存空间。这使得实现多阶段期权合约、去中心化的交换要约或者两阶段加密承诺协议（对确保计算奖励非常必要）非常困难。这也意味着UTXO只能用于建立简单的、一次性的合约，而不是例如去中心化组织这样的有着更加复杂的状态的合约，使得元协议难以实现。二元状态与价值盲结合在一起意味着另一个重要的应用-取款限额-是不可能实现的。
- 区块链盲（Blockchain-blindness）。UTXO看不到区块链的数据，例如随机数和上一个区块的哈希。这一缺陷剥夺了脚本语言所拥有的基于随机性的潜在价值，严重地限制它在其它领域的应用。
为了解决以上的问题，以太坊应运而生，它的目的是建立新区块链的方法可以自由地实现任意的特性、一个能够同时具有元币协议、使用脚本的方法非常容易实现和标准化三种模式的通用框架。
In order to solve these problems, it was created with a view to creating a new chain of blocks that can freely achieve arbitrary characteristics, a common framework in which the use of scripts can be easily achieved and standardized in a way that has a coin agreement at the same time.
以太坊创始人Vitalik Buterin（人称V神）是一名程序员，在2011年时开始对比特币感兴趣，并在当时合伙创办了新闻资讯网站Bitcoin Magazine，写了上百篇关于数字货币的文章。在2013年，V神有了建立一个平台的想法，这个平台旨在将区块链带入更多应用场景而不光只是作为比特币而存在。他在当年发布了白皮书，描述了一个专门为任意去中心化应用而设计的平台，在平台上开发者可以自由构建去中心化的区块链应用。这个平台就是以太坊。
In 2013, Vitalik Buterin, the founder of Taiku, was a programmer who began to be interested in Bitcoin in 2011 and co-founded a news site, Bitcoin Magazine, and wrote hundreds of articles on digital money. In 2013, V God had the idea of creating a platform to bring blocks into more applications without simply being bitcoins. He published a white paper that described a platform designed specifically for arbitrary decentralization, on which developers could freely construct decentralized sectoral applications.
Dr. Gavin Wood轻松拿下了计算机科学专业的博士学位。他发明了用于编写智能合约的Solidity语言。在2014年，他编写了以太坊黄皮书（以太坊技术圣经）。以太坊黄皮书是第一个正式的以太坊技术详细说明书，它区分了以太坊与其他基于区块链的系统的不同之处。Gavin对以太坊的发展有一个清晰的思路，他认为以太坊是基于区块链的许多技术，这些技术的相互作用会使互联网得到进化。
Dr. Gavin Wood easily took a doctorate in computer science. He invented the Solidity language for the creation of smart contracts. In 2014, he wrote the Taiyo Yellow Book (the Taiyo Technical Bible). The Taiyo Yellow Book was the first official Etae technical detail that distinguished Etae from other systems based on block chains. Gavin had a clear idea of Ether’s development, and he thought that Tai Pa was based on many of the technologies of the block chain, the interaction of which would enable the Internet to evolve.
Jeffrey Wilcke是除了V神与Gavin之外的以太坊核心创始人。他在2013年第一次开始使用Go语言来研发以太坊并从那之后成为以太坊Go语言团队的领导者一直到现在。The Go客户端在2015年7月30成功上线，这也标志着以太坊创世区块和以太坊平台的诞生。
Jeffrey Wilcke is the founder of the heart of the Etherm, with the exception of V God and Gavin. He started to develop Ether in the Go language for the first time in 2013 and has since become the leader of the Etherm Go language team. The Go client went online successfully on July 30, 2015, marking the birth of Ether’s Inventive Zone and the Etherton Platform.
联合创始人Joseph Lubin参与了以太坊基金的建立，推动了以太坊成为一个非营利组织，确定了以太坊基础设施能公平独立地工作。Lubin之后又建立了本部在布鲁克林的ConsenSys公司，一个专注于在以太坊上建立去中心化应用的新公司。发展历史与规划
The co-founder, Joseph Lubin, was involved in the establishment of the Etherm Fund, which helped Ether to become a non-profit organization that determined that Ether’s infrastructure could work fairly and independently. Lubin then set up the Department’s ConsenSys in Brooklyn, a new company focused on establishing decentralized applications in Ether.
（1）以太坊系统中的代币，简称 ETH。以太币（Ether）是以太坊内部的主要燃料，为在这个体系上运行各种数字资产交易提供主要的流动性，同时也是用于智能合约费用的的支付。它是以太坊内置的区块链资产，用来支付智能合约运行的。
The Ether is the primary fuel within the ether that provides the main liquidity for running various digital asset transactions on the ether system and is also used to pay for the cost of a smart contract. It is a block chain asset in the ether that is used to pay for the operation of a smart contract.
（2）账户。在Ethereum中有两种账户，一种是人操作的正常账户，另一种是智能账户，正常账户中只有当前的ETH钱数，而智能账户中存储了两个东西：状态和代码，每当收到相应的消息时，这些代码就会被执行，从而改变其状态。
(2) Accounts. There are two types of accounts in Etheeum, one being a normal account operated by a person, the other being a smart account in which there is only the current ETH amount of money, while two things are stored in a smart account: status and code, which is executed whenever a corresponding message is received, thereby changing its state.
（3）以太坊虚拟机EVM。EVM可以执行任意算法复杂度的代码。开发者可以使用语法上类似JavaScript和Python的编程语言（Solidity）创建运行于EVM上的应用程序。
(3) With the Taiwan virtual machine EVM. EVM can execute any algorithm complexity code. Developers can create applications on EVM using a syntax-like programming language (Solidity) similar to JavaScript and Python.
（4）智能合约是一套以数字形式定义的承诺，包括合约参与方可以在上面执行这些承诺的协议。智能合约在以太坊上一旦被创建，就无需中间机构参与，就能自动执行，并且没有人能够阻止其运行。在以太坊上的智能合约，能够控制区块链上各种数字资产，进行复杂的算法和操作。
(4) Smart contracts are a set of commitments defined in digital form, including agreements in which participants can implement them. Smart contracts, once created in Etheria, can be executed automatically without the involvement of intermediary agencies, and no one can stop them. Smart contracts in Ether are capable of controlling digital assets in the block chain, performing complex algorithms and operations.
（1）简洁原则。以太坊协议将尽可能简单，即便以某些数据存储和时间上的低效为代价。一个普通的程序员也能够完美地去实现完整的开发说明。
(1) The principle of brevity. The Tails agreement will be as simple as possible, even at the expense of some data storage and time inefficiencies.
（2）通用原则。没有“特性”是以太坊设计哲学中的一个根本性部分。取而代之的是，以太坊提供了一个内部的图灵完备的脚本语言以供用户来构建任何可以精确定义的智能合约或交易类型。
(2) Universal principles. No "characterism" is a fundamental part of the Taiyet design philosophy. Instead, the Taiyu provides an internal Turing script language for users to construct any type of smart contract or transaction that can be precisely defined.
（3）模块化原则。以太坊的不同部分应被设计为尽可能模块化的和可分的。
(3) Modularization principles. The different parts of the courthouse should be designed as modular and scalable as possible.
（4）无歧视原则。协议不应主动地试图限制或阻碍特定的类目或用法，不应试图反对特定的不受欢迎的应用。
(4) The principle of non-discrimination. Agreements should not attempt to restrict or hinder specific categories or usages on their own initiative, nor should they attempt to oppose specific unwelcome applications.
由于可以轻松在以太坊上发行属于自己的数字货币，大大降低了进入区块链的门槛，也促进了区块链的发展，各行各业建立在区块链上的应用百花齐放。虽然具体的区块链应用落地需要一定的技术实力，但目前以太坊上已经出现了多款火爆的区块链应用，比如加密猫（CryptoKitties）、Crypto Countries（加密国家）、Crypto-All Stars(加密全明星)、Crypto Celebrities（加密名人）等。
The ease with which it is possible to issue its own digital currency on the Etheria has greatly lowered the threshold for entering the block chain and has also contributed to the development of the block chain, which is based on the application of lots of flowers on the block chain. While specific block-chain applications require a certain amount of technical strength, multi-hot block-chain applications, such as CryptoKittys, Crypto Countries, Crypto-All Stars, Crypto Celebrities, etc., have emerged in the Etheria.
以太坊的发布将分为四个阶段，若将以太坊看做计算机，那么这每个阶段的更新都可以说是一个操作系统的升级。以太坊会在这四个阶段中一步步增加新功能，提高平台的用户友好度与系统安全性，同时提高其扩展性。
The launch of Ether will be divided into four phases, each of which, if viewed as a computer, can be described as an upgrade of an operating system. In each of these four phases, the Etherm will add new features, increase the user-friendliness and system security of the platform, while increasing its expansion.
第一阶段，边境Frontier（2015年7月）。以太坊的最初版本，用于开发人员进行挖矿并基于以太坊进行Dapp和工具软件的开发。
First phase of , Border Frontier (July 2015) .
第二阶段，家园Homestead（2016年3月）。与上个版本相比，以太坊网络对许多协议进行了优化，也加快了交易速度，已经可以平稳运行而不再是一个不安全可靠的网络了。同时，以太坊提供了有图形界面的钱包，让用户体验得到极大提升。
Phase II, Home Homestead (March 2016) .
第三阶段，大都会Metropolis（2017年10月）。以太坊将这一阶段分为了两个版本，分别为拜占庭（Byzantium）和康斯坦丁堡（Constantinople）。该阶段旨在使以太坊更轻量、快速和安全。
第四阶段，宁静Serenity（时间未知）。以太坊的最终阶段将从PoW转换到完全使用PoS，其中将会使用Casper共识算法。
Phase IV, Peace Service (time unknown). The final phase of the Etherm will move from PoW to full use of PoS, using the Casper Consensus algorithm.
以太坊将智能合约功能与区块链的结合发扬光大，其历史地位非比寻常。现在市场上大部分Dapp还是建立在以太坊之上的，这也使以太坊的价值高于其他底层链。
Ether has expanded the combination of smart contract functions and block chains, and its historical status is extraordinary. Most Dapps in the market are now based on Ether, which makes it worth more than the rest of the bottom chain.
当然，近期EOS的出现，在舆论和市场热情上一度都高过以太坊，甚至EOS代表的是区块链3.0时代。面对EOS的嘟嘟逼人之势，以太坊并没有束手就擒，而是积极进取，勇于创新。在最近6月15日举行的Ethereum Core Devs会议上，讨论了以太坊网络即将进行的最重要更新，即Casper和分片。另外，以太坊已经成功运行了超过3年时间，虽然有一点点的技术债务，但是其先发优势明显，毕竟EOS才刚上主网。
Of course, the recent advent of EOS was once higher in public opinion and market enthusiasm than the Etherm, even when EOS represented the 3.0 era of the block chain. In the face of the e-Oss’ s rush, the Etherm was not caught, but was motivated and innovative. At the recent Etherium Core Devs meeting on 15 June, the most important update to be made by Ether was discussed, the Casper and the Fractures.
综上所述，从以太坊团队能力、和目前运营等情况来说都具有优势。以太坊团队有能力去落实底层链技术上的改进，一旦这些改进方案得到落实，将极大提升以太坊网络的价值。一般情况下，我认为以太坊的长期发展还是值得被看好的，就像ETH的出现并没有取代BTC，EOS的出现也未必能取代ETH一样。
In general, I think that the long-term development of the Taiku is desirable, just as the emergence of the ETH does not replace the BTC, and the emergence of EOS may not replace the ETH.
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