区块链的作用和特点是什么

区块链是一种共享的分布式数据库技术。尽管不同报告中对区块链的一句话介绍措辞都不相同，但以下4个技术特点是共识性的。

Block chains are a shared distributed database technology. Although a sentence of the block chain is presented in different reports in different terms, the following four technical features are consensual.

1. 去中心化（Decentralized）：左侧描述了当今金融系统的中心化特征，右侧描述的是正在形成的去中心化金融系统，其没有中介机构，所有节点的权利和义务都相等，任一节点停止工作都会不影响系统整体的运作；

1. Decentralization: , on the left, describes the centralization of today's financial system. On the right, it describes the emerging decentralized financial system, which has no intermediary, all nodes have equal rights and obligations, and any one stoppage does not affect the functioning of the system as a whole;

2. 去信任（Trustless）：系统中所有节点之间无需信任也可以进行交易，因为数据库和整个系统的运作是公开透明的，在系统的规则和时间范围内，节点之间无法欺骗彼此；

2. Trust (Trustless): Nodees in the system can be traded without trust, because the database and the entire system operate in an open and transparent manner, and nodes can deceive each other within the rules and time frames of the system;

3. 集体维护（Collectively Maintain）：系统是由其中所有具有维护功能的节点共同维护的，系统中所有人共同参与维护工作；

Group maintenance (Collectively Maintain):

4. 可靠数据库（Reliable Database）：系统中每一个节点都拥有最新的完整数据库拷贝，修改单个节点的数据库是无效的，因为系统会自动比较，认为最多次出现的相同数据记录为真。

4. Reliable Database (Reliable Database): Each node in the system has a complete and up-to-date copy of the database, and the modification of the database of a single node is invalid because the system automatically compares and considers the same data records to be true the most frequent occurrence.

应用区块链开发的系统所具有的特点

Features of systems developed using block chains at

开放性：系统是开放的，除了交易各方的私有信息被加密外，区块链的数据对所有人公开，任何人都可以通过公开的接口查询区块链数据和开发相关应用，因此整个系统信息高度透明。

Open: The system is open and, with the exception of private information of the parties to the transaction being encrypted, the data in the block chain are made publicly available to all and anyone can access the block chain data and develop relevant applications through open interfaces, thus providing a high degree of transparency of information throughout the system.

自治性：区块链采用基于协商一致的规范和协议(比如一套公开透明的算法)使得整个系统中的所有节点能够在去信任的环境自由安全的交换数据，使得对“人”的信任改成了对机器的信任，任何人为的干预不起作用。

Autonomy: The use of consensus-based norms and agreements (e.g. an open and transparent algorithm) in the block chain has enabled all nodes of the system to exchange freely and secure data in a trusted environment, transforming trust in the “human person” into trust in the machine, and no one's intervention has worked.

信息不可篡改：一旦信息经过验证并添加至区块链，就会永久的存储起来，除非能够同时控制住系统中超过51%的节点，否则单个节点上对数据库的修改是无效的，因此区块链的数据稳定性和可靠性极高。

information cannot be tampered with: will be permanently stored once the information has been authenticated and added to the block chain. Unless more than 51 per cent of nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, changes to the database at a single node are ineffective and therefore the data stability and reliability of the block chain are extremely high.

匿名性：由于节点之间的交换遵循固定的算法，其数据交互是无需信任的(区块链中的程序规则会自行判断活动是否有效)，因此交易对手无须通过公开身份的方式让对方自己产生信任，对信用的累积非常有帮助。

Anonymous: does not need to trust (the rules of procedure in the block chain determine the validity of the activity) because exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, so that the counterparty does not need to create confidence in themselves through an open identity, which is very helpful for credit accumulation.

区块链和分布式账本技术让数字货币开发更加可靠。

Block chain and distributed booking technology makes digital currency development more reliable.

区块链技术曾受到瓦解中心化货币交易所的质疑，但是它解决现有信息架构的信任和中心化问题的潜力吸引了诸多关注。区块链技术首先在比特币和数字货币领域获 得极大的知名度，它用单个共享账本存储信息。它不再是让单一的中央机构获取账本，而是由点对点网络中不同节点获取同一个分布式账本的多个复本。

Block chain technology has been called into question by the collapse of a central currency exchange, but its potential to address the trust and centralization of existing information structures has attracted much attention. Block chain technology has gained great visibility first in the fields of bitcoin and digital currency, where it stores information in a single shared account. It is no longer about allowing a single central agency to have access to a single account, but rather about multiple copies of the same distributed account from different nodes in the point-to-point network.

区块链技术采用先进的加密技术，保证账本中任何新增信息都不可篡改，除非符合某些预设的参数。而且这种账本对外界攻击的防御能力更强，比如网络攻击，因为这个去中心 化系统没有中心化信息架构的高成本的单个故障点。同时所有受信任的节点可以影响账本的任何修改，前提是符合特定预设参数。这些修改会立刻体现在账本上，所有受信任节点可以获取相关数据以做出正确决策。还可以调整分布式账本的设计，在架构内部创建层级系统，并配置恰当的获取权限和不同层级的权威性。

Block chain technology uses state-of-the-art encryption techniques to ensure that any new information in the books is not tampered with unless certain predefined parameters are met. Moreover, the book is more defensive to external attacks, such as cyberattacks, because the decentralized system has no high-cost individual failure points for centralized information structures. All trusted nodes can influence any changes in the books, provided that they meet certain predefined parameters. These changes are immediately reflected in the books, and all trusted nodes can obtain relevant data for proper decision-making.

区块链和分布式账本技术，有利于变革土地登记的管理方式。

block chain and distributed account book technology will help change the way land registers are managed.

目前房地产市场的信誉处于最低水平，都归结于低效和不透明的财产登记制度。该制度依 赖于土地登记和相应财产交易活动信息的中心化获取。而用分布式账本技术来获取、管理和修改这些信息，可以保证公众不遭受土地交易诈骗的侵害。同样分布式账 本可以简化和整合跨行业、跨监管领域的企业合规性流程，因为它包含了政府部门和银行、投资者等第三方需要的实时合规性信息。通过整合多个项目的数据点和提 供受益人的项目参与情况的反馈，可以更好地追踪社会福利计划的实施情况。

The current creditworthiness of the real estate market is at its lowest, and is attributed to inefficient and opaque property registration systems, which rely on centralized access to information on land registration and related property transactions. Using distributed booking techniques to capture, manage and modify such information can ensure that the public is protected from fraud in land transactions. The same distributional accounts would simplify and integrate the process of corporate compliance across industries, across regulatory areas, as they contain real-time compliance information required by government departments and third parties, such as banks, investors, etc. The implementation of social welfare programmes could be better tracked by integrating data points for multiple projects and feedback on project participation for beneficiaries.

目前技术开发的最大的问题包括：独特数据存储系统的转型成本、验证网络节点或各个层级的数据可靠性、去中心化数据获取方式的隐私性和安全维度、信息技术法案的修订。重要的是，区块链技术会改变政府与公民的互动方式，而这种巨大转变必定会遭到公务员的抵制。这些都是可能存在的问题，应当立刻采取行动，采用区块链技术之外，制定出指导应用开发的监管框架。

The biggest problems in the current technological development include the transition costs of unique data storage systems, validation of network nodes or data reliability at all levels, privacy and security dimensions of decentralised data acquisition, and amendments to the information technology bill. Importantly, block-chain technologies change the way government interacts with citizens, and this dramatic shift is bound to be resisted by civil servants. These are potential problems, and immediate action should be taken to develop a regulatory framework to guide the development of applications, in addition to block-chain technologies.