比特币的传奇尚未落幕,另一个传奇就已经开启:2015年7月,高德纳发布了新一年的技术成熟度曲线图。从图中可以清晰地看到:比特币所代表的加密货币(cryptocurriencies)和虚拟货币交易(Cryptocurriencie Exchange)逐渐从2014年炒作的顶峰期跌落到大众普遍失望的谷底。
The legend of Bitcoin has not yet come to an end, and another one has already been opened: in July 2015, Goldner released a new year’s technological maturity curve. It is clear from the map that bitcoin represents an encoded currency (cryptocurricities) and a virtual currency transaction (Cryptocurricie Exchange) that has gradually fallen from its peak in 2014 to the bottom of widespread public disappointment.
然而,出乎意料的是,整个产业并未衰落。截至2016年2月19日,全球比特币相关产业投资额度仍然逐渐升温,突破10亿美元。这其中以完成两轮融资的OKcoin为首的7家中国公司也格外引人注意,带领着中国区块链产业的发展。这也显示了资本与市场的整体乐观。正如中国古人所说的,“阴极阳生”。一种新的技术让投资者和业界再次看到了曙光,那就是Blockchain(区块链)。这是一个并不常见的现象。一般而言,当一项技术衰退的时候,除非它的生命周期非常长,能极大地激励人类的期待和梦想,比如人工智能,它能极大地勾起科研界、技术界的梦想。从20世纪60年代,从海曼·明斯基(Hyman Minsky)时代一直发展到今天的阿尔法狗时代。但大部分创新技术一跌下去就被淘汰了。比特币、加密货币这种技术之所以能硬挺到今天,非常重要的因素就是背后的区块链技术又再次把它拉动了起来。
However, as the Chinese ancients have said, the entire industry has not fallen. A new technology allows investors and industry to see the dawning of a Blockchain (a chain of blocks) again. This is a rare phenomenon. In general, when a technology recession is taking place, unless it has a very long life cycle that greatly stimulates human expectations and dreams, such as artificial intelligence, it can be a tremendous boost to the scientific and technological world. From the time of Hyman Minsky, in the 1960’s, it has developed again into today’s Alpha Dog era.
比特币与区块链是父与子关系吗
对于比特币与区块链,有两种常见的错误概念,在业界广为传播: For bitcoin and block chains, there are two common misconceptions that are widely disseminated in industry: 错误观念1:比特币与区块链是父与子的关系; Misperception 1: Bitcoin and block chains are father-son relationships; 错误观念2:区块链是比特币的一个意外发现和生成物,带来出乎大家所料的惊喜,之前没有人料到这一切。 Misperception 2: The block chain was an unexpected discovery and creation of Bitcoin, bringing surprises that no one had anticipated before. 事实上,作为比特币实现的底层技术,区块链的产生是伴随着比特币一道出现的,称之为父与子的关系极其不准确。其次,与其说意外,倒不如说是“蓄谋已久”。早在2010年,在后来的比特币核心开发者Gavin Anderson(盖文·安德森)的讨论帖中,中本聪就指出自己为什么在比特币初始代码版本wallet.dat中嵌入一种非常简单的脚本(Gavin发现后曾一度陷入紧张不安中)。 In fact, as a bottom-of-the-line technology realized by Bitcoin, the formation of the block chain was accompanied by bitcoin, known as the parent-child relationship, which was extremely inaccurate. Second, it was more of a “premeditation” than an accident. As early as 2010, in a discussion post by the later Bitcoin core developer, Gavin Anderson, he pointed out why he had embedded a very simple script in the initial bitcoin code version of Walter.dat (a time of tension since Gavin’s discovery). 中本聪说:“我很多年前就已经在思考,是否可以让(比特币)支持多种交易类型,包括:托管交易、债券合同、第三方仲裁、多重签名等。如果比特币未来能够大规模发展,那么这些交易种类都将是我们未来想探索的,但是在一开始设计时就应该考虑到这些交易,这样奖励才能够实现。” He said, “I've been thinking many years ago whether I could let (bitcoin) support a variety of types of transactions, including: hosting transactions, bond contracts, third-party arbitration, multiple signatures, etc. If Bitcoin can develop on a large scale in the future, then these types of transactions will all be something we want to explore in the future, but they should be taken into account at the outset of their design so that the rewards can be realized.” 事实上,正如后来的研究者分析发现,这些结构的应用早已超出了数字货币,甚至可以扩展到任何类型的交易方式,例如各种基于智能合约的应用。其实可以套用设计中的专门术语说,“区块链”是比特币的“可供性”,这种载体提供了一种更为广阔的交互的可能性。 Indeed, as later researchers have analysed, the application of these structures has long gone beyond digital currency and can even be extended to any type of transaction, such as intellectual contract-based applications. Indeed, it is possible to use the specialized term in design to say that the “block chain” is the “availability” of bitcoin, a vehicle that offers a wider possibility of interaction. 中本聪版本的第一版“比特币区块链”的基础协议非常简单:通过盖时间戳,各方一同记账、一同公证,每10分钟确认一次,形成记录全网这10分钟所有正确的一个账本数据库“区块”,然后每个合法的区块连成一个个链条,形成分布式的、大家一致同意的账本数据库,这就是“区块链”。 The basic agreement for the first version of the Chinese version of the “bitcoin block chain” is very simple: by means of a time stamp, the parties together account for it, together notarized every 10 minutes, form all the correct accounts database “blocks” of the 10-minute web record, and then each legal block is linked into a chain, forming a distributed and consensual account book database, which is the “block chain”. 区块链本质上是一个去中心化的分布式账本数据库,是比特币的底层技术,和比特币是相伴相生的关系。区块链本身其实是一串使用密码学相关联所产生的数据块,每一个数据块中包含了多次比特币网络交易有效确认的信息。 The block chain is essentially a decentralised distributed account database, a bottom-of-bitcoin technology, which is associated with bitcoin. The block chain itself is a series of data blocks generated by cryptography, each containing information validly confirmed by several Bitcoin network transactions. 每当有加密交易产生时,网络中有强大运算能力的矿工(Miner)就开始利用算法解密验证交易,创造出新的区块来记录最新的交易。新的区块按照时间顺序线性地被补充到原有的区块链末端,这个账本就会不停地增长和延长。 Whenever an encryptable transaction is generated, the miners in the network (Miner) use algorithms to decipher the transaction and create new blocks to record the latest transactions. The new block is added linearly to the end of the old block chain in chronological order, and the account will continue to grow and extend. 通过复杂的公共钥匙和私人钥匙的设置,区块链网络将整个金融网络的所有交易的账本实时广播,实时将交易记录分发到每一个客户端,同时还能保证每个人只能对自己的财产进行修改。当然,账本里也有别人的交易记录,虽然可以看到数值和对应的交易地址(基本上这是由一段冗长的乱序字母和数字组成),但是如果不借用其他技术手段也根本无法知道交易者的真实身份。 Through complex public and private key settings, block-link networks broadcast all transactions of the entire financial network in real time, distributing the transaction records to each client in real time, while ensuring that everyone can only modify their own property. Of course, there are other people’s records in the books, and while values and corresponding transaction addresses (which basically consist of a long hiatus of letters and numbers) are visible, it is simply impossible to know the true identity of the dealer without using other technical means. 如果从不同的技术角度来剖析,我们可以这样看待区块链:它是一种数据库、一种分布式系统,也是一种网络底层协议。 If analysed from different technical angles, we can look at the block chain in this way: it is a database, a distributed system and a network bottom protocol. (1)数据库。区块链是一种公共数据库,它记录了网际间所有的交易信息,随时更新,让每个用户可以通过合法的手段从中读取信息,写入信息。但又有一套特殊的机制,防止以往的数据被篡改。 (1) Database. The block chain is a public database that records all transactions between networks, keeps them up to date, and allows each user to read and write information through legal means. However, there is a special mechanism to prevent previous data from being tampered with. (2)分布式系统。区块链是一种分布式系统,它不存储放置在某一两个特定的服务器或安全节点上,而是分布式地存在于网络上所有的完整节点上,在每一个节点保留信息备份。 (2) Distributed system. The block chain is a distributed system, which is not stored on a particular server or security node, but is distributed on all the complete nodes of the network, with backup information maintained at each node. (3)网络底层协议。区块链是一种共识协议,基于这种协议,可以在其上开发出数目繁多的应用。这些应用在每一时刻都保存一条最长的、最具权威的、共同认可的数据记录,并遵循共同认可的机制进行无须中间权威仲裁的、直接的、点对点的交互信息。 (3) Network bottom protocols. Block chains are a consensus agreement on which a large number of applications can be developed. At each point, these applications maintain a record of the longest, most authoritative, commonly accepted data, and follow a commonly recognized mechanism to conduct direct, point-to-point interactive information without intermediate authority arbitration.
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