互联网思维下的高校学生管理路径

关键词：互联网思维；高校；学生管理工作；转型

Keywords: Internet thinking; higher education; student management; transformation

随着互联网逐渐走入人们的生活和工作，整个世界也逐渐形成一个互联互通的网络格局。高校学生管理工作，也要在互联网时代做出改变，改变传统的学生管理工作模式，以满足学生当前不断变化的个性化需求，实现立德树人的教育目标。

As the Internet evolves into people’s lives and jobs, the world has evolved into an interconnected network. The management of higher education students also needs to change in the age of the Internet, changing traditional student management models to meet the changing individualizing needs of students and achieving the educational goals of the Litts.

一、互联网思维概念的内涵和特征

I. CONTEXT AND DIFFICULTITY OF THE CONCEPT OF THE INVESTMENT OF THE NETWORK

1.互联网思维概念的内涵互联网思维这一概念源于现如今不断发展的互联网行业；近些年，随着我国共建网络空间命运共同体主张的提出，逐步上升为国家话语。就目前来看，网络信息的传播模式经历了三个阶段：第一个阶段是Web1.0，也就是门户时代，由新浪、网易等门户网站为主要的代表模式。这一阶段的特征为对信息进行展示，而且传播也是单向的，在信息传播的过程中，其核心为门户网站。第二阶段是Web2.0，即搜索或者是社交时代，其主要的代表模式有腾讯、百度等。这一阶段的特征为对于信息实现了定向索取，并由之前的单向信息传播转变为双向互动，在这一阶段互联网的用户逐渐实现了对内容的生产。第三阶段是Web3.0，也就是大互联时代。这一阶段随着移动互联网应用，如微信的出现，而逐渐确立相应的代表模式。在大互联时代，已经实现了人人、人机及多终端之间的交互，体现出多对多的交互特点。随着智能终端大范围、大面积投入使用和推广，迎来了全新的互联时代。而在各项信息技术，如大数据云计算、物联网等，不断创新、发展直至走向成熟的今天，其传播速度不断加快，而且范围越来越广。信息技术的推出最早是传统的商业领域做出了革新，此后逐渐渗透到社会结构及管理方式等工作层面，使得社会的组织结构逐步发生转变。互联网起初对于社会来说，是一种工具形态，但随着互联网的发展和其影响的不断扩大，便诞生了互联网思维。站在人类发展历史的角度看，这一现象便是人类在工具创新的基础上，形成了工具思维，在工具思维的带动之下，人类的思维方式得以改变，在此之上实现了价值观的改变。当前，移动互联网迅猛发展，互联网思维也开始逐渐爆发。互联网思维属于一种创新性的思维方式，是在对互联网理念、精神、规则的借鉴和利用基础上形成的，能够将抽象的互联网世界的价值观念表达和阐述出来，互联网思维属于互联网世界的价值观和方法论。

1. In recent years, the concept of Internet thinking, which is embedded in the concept of Internet thinking, has evolved from the Internet industry to the national discourse, as advocated by the Community of the Destiny of Cyberspaces, which has been built together in our country, has evolved over the past few years. The first phase, the Web 1.0, is the era of portals, with new web portals as the main mode of representation. The third phase, characterized by the demonstration of information, and its dissemination, is one-way, and, in the process of disseminating information, a portal. The second phase, the Web 2.0, the search or social era, is the era of socialization, where the main representative model of the Internet has grown into a national discourse. This phase, characterized by the orientation of information and the transformation of former one-way information dissemination into a two-way interaction, during which Internet users have been able to produce content.

2.互联网思维的特征互联网思维中包含了各类思维，如用户思维、数据思维、平台思维、社会化思维等。在这些思维中，起到统领作用的是用户思维，而且对于其他思维来说，用户思维也是基础。在过去的农业社会中产生了经验思维，而随着工业社会的到来，又产生了理性思维，互联网思维正是在这二者基础之上，在不断演变中形成互联背景下的价值观及方法论。互联网思维，一改过去单向、管制的模式，以开放为本质。网络抛开了等级观念，其本质就在于平等，进一步体现了互联网思维的价值追求，即通过探索和创新，建立起用户的信任，推进组织结构的扁平化，实现用户之间体验的分享，推动知识共享。从互联网思维的价值追求来看，体现出以人为本的核心理念，实现人性的复归，这一互联网思维模式呈现出开放、平等、协作、分享的特点和价值取向。

2. Internet thinking, as a characteristic of the Internet, contains a variety of ideas, such as user thinking, data thinking, platform thinking, socializing thinking, and so on. It is user thinking that plays a leading role in these thinking, and for other thinking. Past agricultural societies have generated empirical thinking, which, with the arrival of industrial societies, has given rise to rational thinking, which is based on values and methodologies that have evolved in an interconnected context. Internet thinking, once changed from one-way, regulatory model to one-way, open nature.

二、高校学生管理工作转型的原因

II. Reasons for the transition in the management of higher education students

现阶段，互联网的覆盖面积和应用范围越来越广，互联网渗透于人们的日常生活中，成为不可或缺的一部分。在全新的时展背景之下，网络已经成了基础性的设施建设。高校的学生管理制度是在工业社会的基础上构建而成的，当前也面临着新的挑战；因此，要充分协调互联网基础设施与过去的传统管理制度之间的矛盾和冲突。

At this stage, the Internet is becoming more and more widespread in its reach and applications, and the Internet is becoming an integral part of people’s daily lives. In a completely new context, the network has become a basic facility.

1.去中心化：传统学生管理科层组织的解构工业社会，主导思维是工业思维，因此高校的学生管理制度也继承了以中心化、标准化、控制式为特点的工业思维概念。在这样的管理制度下，学生管理模式形成了自上而下的封闭系统，体现了强烈的科层组织特点。这样的组织结构所开展的高校学生管理工作，中心为上级领导，各项工作也要对领导负责，而偏离了学生这个中心，也就导致高校学生管理工作目的并不是服务学生，而是管理手段的体现。而互联网并不是封闭的金字塔结构，而是网状结构，趋于扁平化，没有最中心的节点要素；因此，也就体现了去中心化的特点，并在此基础上提出了开放、互动、平等的要求，这正是对控制式、科层化的工业思维的解构[1]。在此之上所形成的互联网思维，也将以人为本放在核心位置。高校学生管理实践，重点体现为以学生为中心展开，确立学生的主体地位，确保各项工作能够服务于学生。

1. Decentralization: The deconstructed industrial society of traditional student management is dominated by industrial thinking, so that the student management system of higher education also inherits the concept of industrial thinking characterized by centralization, standardization, and control. Under such a system, the student management model forms a top-down closed system, embodying the strong demands for an open, interactive and equitable structure. The management of higher education students by such an organization is headed by a centre responsible for their superiors, while deviations from the student centre lead not by serving students but by means of management tools. The Internet is not a closed pyramid structure, but by means of a network structure that flattens down and does not have the most central nodes; hence, it also reflects the decentralized character of the institution, on the basis of which the demands for openness, interaction and equality are made, which is the deconstructed structure of the controlled, science-based industrial thinking that is based on a people-centred approach to the management of higher education students, with a focus on the student-centred approach.

2.去边界化：传统学生管理封闭运营局面被打破传统的高校学生管理模式，体现了显著的部门化、智能化特点。各职能部门的确立，切割、划分了学生管理的各项事务，也就人为地把紧密联系的整体作了条块化的分割。在旧有的管理模式之下，各个职能部门之间的管理工作呈现封闭式的特点，有明显的边界，在资源共享和使用上，也有清晰、明确的权限界定。这也就导致高校学生在日常的生活、学习及社交等活动时产生的数据难以实现共享和互通；这种信息不对称，导致信息资源的封闭，使信息的垄断得以实现。而对于互联网技术来说，其显著的特征就是互联、互通。信息联通的自由、便捷，进一步推动了信息的高速扩散和传播，促进了信息的共享和交流。这也使高校学生管理者，对信息拥有的垄断权力被打破。互联网能够实现跨区域、跨边界的互联互通，使现实世界更具有开放性，因此也要求打破高校传统封闭式的组织模式，从而形成一个信息共享的全新的组织形态，实现共赢的发展局面。

2. Deborderization: Traditional student management of closed operations has broken down the traditional model of student management, which is marked by a marked sectoralization and intellectualization. Functional divisions have been established, cutting off and dividing student management services, which have artificially fragmented the whole of close ties. Under the old model of management, management between functional sectors has become closed, with clear boundaries and clear and clear terms of reference in terms of sharing and use of resources. This has also made it difficult for students in higher education to share and communicate data from everyday activities such as life, learning and socialization; this asymmetry of information has led to the closure of information resources, which has allowed the monopolization of information to take place; and, in the case of Internet technology, it has been marked by interconnectivity and interconnection.

3.去中介化：传统话语权威的传播表达的解析由于信息不对称，高校学生管理模式也体现了学校与学生之间不平等的先天话语权[2]。而网络的技术特点就是多点相连、普遍连接、扁平化，属于“无中介”状态。过去，学生管理工作者控制着信息传播的通道，而信息技术的发展，让我们迎来了大数据信息化时代。现阶段，信息量爆炸式增长，使管理者也无法依靠信息垄断来维护自身的话语权。在无中介化网络世界，任何网络参与者都有权力对内容进行控制；个性化信息的传达也更加自由，不再受局限和束缚。甚至一些在网络中占据有利位置节点的意见领袖，能够对于网络的舆论产生更加深刻的影响，使得网络的话语霸权得以形成，导致传统模式下的话语权威的离析。互联网时代，在技术创新的基础上所推进的高校学生管理工作的转型，是一次管理工作的革新和重组；也要求学生管理工作更新管理理念，尽快转变管理方式，进一步提高管理水平，推动学生管理工作朝互联网方向转型、升级，化新时代的挑战为发展机遇。

De-intermediary: Because of the asymmetry of information, the model of management of students in higher education also reflects unequal rights of innate speech between schools and students. The technology of the network is characterized by multiple connections, universal connections, flattening, and a “non-intermediary” state. In the past, student managers controlled the channels of information dissemination, while the development of information technology led us to an era of great data informatization. At this stage, information volumes have grown explosively, making it impossible for managers to rely on a monopoly of information to maintain their voice. In a world without an intermediary network, any network participant has the power to control content; the dissemination of personalized information has become freer and less constrained.

三、基于互联网思维的高校学生管理工作转型策略

III. Strategies for transforming the management of students in institutions of higher learning based on Internet-based thinking

1.基于用户思维，更新管理理念用户思维是互联网思维的核心，对于其他思维来说，起到了基础性的作用；过去的学生管理模式所体现的科层制管理特点，它更强调客户思维。而互联网世界，则实现了客户思维向用户思维的转变，体现了在管理理念方面所发生的变化[3]。在高校学生管理工作中，用户就是学生，即使用教育产品和接受服务的人，而教育产品最终的服务对象也是学生，更应该强调对于学生体验的关注。在客户思维之下，客户购买产品和服务，但是不一定使用产品和服务，而是在交易关系基础上，将关注点放在了价格上。在这样的客户导向前提下，营销策略显得更为重要。而用户思维更关注用户的体验，并且通过对于用户的产品和服务体验的落实，凸显用户思维中用户至上的价值取向，即以人为本，充分确立起用户的主体地位；教育工作的宗旨也是以人为本，所以二者不谋而合。通过网络赋权，能够从学生的实际需求出发，进一步转变学生管理工作的模式，实现由权力驱动向需求驱动、管理向服务的转变。

1. In the management of students in higher education, users are students, who use educational products and services, while the end-users of educational products are students, and more emphasis should be placed on their experiences. In client thinking, clients buy products and services, but do not necessarily use them, but rather focus on prices. In such client orientation, marketing strategies are even more important.

2.基于平台思维，重构管理组织高校学生管理工作要在用户思维的核心导引之下，贯彻为学生服务的宗旨，在学生需求的基础之上，进一步强化并联式连接，推动学生管理组织朝扁平化方向发展。针对学生的学习、生活等多项环节，进行学生管理组织的重构，让其确立起扁平化、平台型的组织模式。这种网状模式能够进一步促进 学生各部门之间的协同合作，能够将学校和外部世界有效连接起来，确立起合作关系，推动学校进一步成为学生管理服务的高效平台。要打破学校内部不同部门、专业之间的藩篱，加强相互之间的联系和沟通，推动各个部门、专业成为互联网网状结构上的节点。而且要基于网络化，进一步推动扁平化的组织建设，实现开放共建、协作共享的组织新局面，促进围绕学生所展开的服务格局的构建。

2. Based on platform thinking, the re-engineering of the management of students in higher education organizations should be guided by the core orientation of user thinking, the purpose of which is to serve students, and to further strengthen and link up, based on the needs of students, and to promote the development of student management organizations in a flat-down direction. The re-engineering of student management organizations for students'learning, life, etc., will allow them to establish flat-level, platform-type organizational models. This web-based model can further promote   collaborative collaboration between student departments can effectively connect schools and the outside world, establish partnerships and promote schools to become more efficient platforms for student management services.

3.基于简约思维，简化管理流程对于传统高校学生管理模式来说，由于信息的封闭性，呈现条块化的分割特点，而且在进行相关事务办理时，手续较为烦琐，各部门之间的责权不明确，这也使得学生管理工作出现“空白地带”。在互联网思维之下，要削减不必要的环节和内容，减少资源的消耗和浪费，打破与学生沟通的障碍，简化管理流程，精简多余的组织架构层级。对于现有的学生管理制度，不仅仅应立即弥补工作漏洞，而且应马上改进和完善。因此，要在简约思维的要求之下，进一步简化学生管理工作，让其流程更加清晰、流畅，办理相关的事务也更加便捷。

Based on contemplation, the simplification of management processes for the traditional college student management model, owing to the closed nature of the information, the fragmented nature of the process, the cumbersome nature of the transaction and the lack of clear lines of responsibility between departments, has also led to a “blank space” in student management. Under the Internet, unnecessary links and content are reduced, resources are reduced and waste is reduced, barriers to communication with students are broken, management processes are simplified, and redundant organizational structures are streamlined. For the existing student management system, not only gaps in work should be filled immediately, but also improvements and improvements should be made immediately.

4.基于数据思维，提高学生管理绩效随着信息技术的发展，在互联网精神的引领之下，高校学生管理工作也要积极融合大数据思维，进一步提高管理绩效。大数据的价值在于数据的挖掘、分析和预测，并且理解数据所蕴含的价值，这是大数据的核心意义所在。要在大数据的基础之上，进一步推进数字化的智慧校园的建设，推动学生工作朝数字化管理、智慧型服务转变[4]。通过对校园数据如上课考勤、学分、社团活动、校园消费等的收集和整理，在充分分析的基础上，能够实时掌握学生信息，并且对学生行为做出预测，做好前置管理工作。在大数据时代的学生管理体系，能够细化各领域内容，关注学生之间的个性化及差异化特点，推进管理与服务的精细化。利用网络线上的数据，获取学生的个性化需求，也能够优化、调整线下的学生管理服务，在技术手段的帮助之下，推动人工管理朝智能化管控转变，提高智慧化管理水平。

4. On the basis of data thinking, improving student management performance with the development of information technology, and under the guidance of the Internet, the management of higher education students also actively integrates big data thinking and further improves management performance. The value of big data lies in the mining, analysis and prediction of data, as well as in understanding the value of data, which is central to the big data. Building on large data, further progress is needed in building an intelligent campus that is digitalized and promotes a shift in student work towards digital management and intelligent services[4]. By collecting and collating school data, such as school attendance, scoring, community activities, school consumption, etc., based on sound analysis, real-time knowledge of students'information can be acquired in real time and students’ behaviour predicted and pre-managed.

5.基于社会化思维，引导学生自组织管理在互联网思维中，社会化思维就是通过借助社会化网络媒体及工具，实现学校和学生之间的组织管理、沟通关系、运作模式的思维模式的重塑。社会化思维是双向的，而且提倡合作式的参与、平等的沟通，更加注重链式传播，是一种全新的网络社会形态和关系。现阶段，在网络虚拟空间中，学生的主要生存方式就是网络化生存，其社群形式也以网状结构而存在，在群体内呈现出显著的同质化特征。对于教育来说，从自我出发的教育和管理效果最理想。因此要进行学生自组织社群的建立，让其能够充分适应学生的发展，进一步将分散的学生组织成一个社群，制定自主管理规则和公约。在这种网络共同体中，学生也要严格遵守网络规则，并且依据利益关系，相互制约达到平衡，实现网络行为的限定，而管理者在其中要发挥好建设和引导的作用。

5. Socialized thinking, based on socialization, leads students to organize and manage their own thinking on the Internet. Socialized thinking is the transformation of the way schools organize, communicate, and operate among students through socialized online media and tools. Socialized thinking is a two-way approach, and promotes cooperative participation and equitable communication, with a greater focus on chain-based communication, is an entirely new form of network society and relationships. At this stage, in virtual cyberspace, students'main means of survival are networked existence, and their community forms are embedded in web-based structures, with significant homogenous features within the group. For education, self-organized education and management are the most desirable.

四、结语

IV. CONCLUSION

参考文献：

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作者：陈巧琴 单位：浙江广厦建设职业技术大学

Quixian Chen Unit: Guangjian University of Technology, Zhejiang