区块链起源于比特币，2008年11月1日，一位自称中本聪(Satoshi Nakamoto)的人发表了《比特币:一种点对点的电子现金系统》一文，阐述了基于P2P网络技术、加密技术、时间戳技术、区块链技术等的电子现金系统的构架理念，这标志着比特币的诞生。两个月后理论步入实践，2009年1月3日第一个序号为0的创世区块诞生。几天后2009年1月9日出现序号为1的区块，并与序号为0的创世区块相连接形成了链，标志着区块链的诞生。
The block chain originated in Bitcoin, and on 1 November 2008, a person claiming to be Satoshi Nakamoto published a text entitled Bitcoin: an electronic cash system for point-to-points, setting out the concept of an electronic cash system based on P2P network technology, encryption technology, time-stamp technology, block chain technology, etc., which marked the birth of Bitcoin. Two months later, the theory was put into practice, with the birth of the original block number 0 of 3 January 2009. A few days later, block number 1 appeared and was linked to the original block number 0, marking the birth of the block chain.
世界对比特币的态度起起落落，但作为比特币底层技术之一的区块链技术日益受到重视。在比特币形成过程中，区块是一个一个的存储单元，记录了一定时间内各个区块节点全部的交流信息。各个区块之间通过随机散列(也称哈希算法)实现链接，后一个区块包含前一个区块的哈希值，随着信息交流的扩大，一个区块与一个区块相继接续，形成的结果就叫区块链。
The world’s Bitcoin attitude is rising and falling, but the technology of block chains, one of the bottom bitcoin technologies, is gaining importance. During Bitcoin’s formation, blocks are a storage unit that records the full exchange of information across blocks over a period of time. Links are made between blocks by random haste (also known as the Hashi algorithm), which contains the Hashi value of the previous block, and as the exchange of information expands, one block follows one block, the result of which is called the chain of blocks.
什么是区块链？从科技层面来看，区块链涉及数学、密码学、互联网和计算机编程等很多科学技术问题。从应用视角来看，简单来说，区块链是一个分布式的共享账本和数据库，具有去中心化、不可篡改、全程留痕、可以追溯、集体维护、公开透明等特点。这些特点保证了区块链的“诚实”与“透明”，为区块链创造信任奠定基础。而区块链丰富的应用场景，基本上都基于区块链能够解决信息不对称问题，实现多个主体之间的协作信任与一致行动。
At the technical level, block chains involve many scientific and technical issues, such as mathematics, cryptology, the Internet, and computer programming. From an application point of view, block chains are a distributed, shared book and database with decentralised, non-manufactured, full-range marks, traceability, collective maintenance, transparency, etc. These features guarantee the “honest” and “transparent” character of block chains and create the basis for trust in the chain.
2008年由中本聪第一次提出了区块链的概念，在随后的几年中，区块链成为了电子货币比特币的核心组成部分：作为所有交易的公共账簿。通过利用点对点网络和分布式时间戳服务器，区块链数据库能够进行自主管理。为比特币而发明的区块链使它成为第一个解决重复消费问题的数字货币。比特币的设计已经成为其他应用程序的灵感来源。
In 2008, for the first time, the concept of block chains was put forward by Nakamoto; in the following years, the block chain became a central component of the electronic currency bitcoin: a public book of accounts for all transactions. The block chain database was managed autonomously through the use of point-to-point network and distributed time stamp servers. The block chain invented for Bitcoin made it the first digital currency to address the problem of double consumption. Bitcoin design has become a source of inspiration for other applications.
2014年，"区块链2.0”成为一个关于去中心化区块链数据库的术语。对这个第二代可编程区块链，经济学家们认为它是一种编程语言，可以允许用户写出更精密和智能的协议。因此，当利润达到一定程度的时候，就能够从完成的货运订单或者共享证书的分红中获得收益。区块链2.0技术跳过了交易和“价值交换中担任金钱和信息仲裁的中介机构”。它们被用来使人们远离全球化经济，使隐私得到保护，使人们“将掌握的信息兑换成货币”，并且有能力保证知识产权的所有者得到收益。第二代区块链技术使存储个人的“永久数字ID和形象”成为可能，并且对“潜在的社会财富分配”不平等提供解决方案。
In 2014, block chain 2.0 became a term for decentralised block chain databases. For this second-generation programmable block chain, economists consider it to be a programming language that allows users to write more sophisticated and intelligent agreements.
2016年1月20日，中国人民银行数字货币研讨会宣布对数字货币研究取得阶段性成果。会议肯定了数字货币在降低传统货币发行等方面的价值，并表示央行在探索发行数字货币。中国人民银行数字货币研讨会的表达大大增强了数字货币行业信心。这是继2013年12月5日央行五部委发布关于防范比特币风险的通知之后，第一次对数字货币表示明确的态度。
On January 20, 2016, the People’s Bank of China seminar on digital currency announced a phased outcome to the digital currency study. The meeting affirmed the value of digital currency in reducing traditional currency distribution, and stated that central banks were exploring digital currency distribution.
2016年12月20日，数字货币联盟——中国FinTech数字货币联盟及FinTech研究院正式筹建。
On 20 December 2016, the Digital Monetary Union, the Digital Monetary Union of FinTech, China, and the FinTech Institute were officially established.
如今，比特币仍是数字货币的绝对主流，数字货币呈现了百花齐放的状态，常见的有bitcoin、litecoin、dogecoin、dashcoin，除了货币的应用之外，还有各种衍生应用，如以太坊Ethereum、Asch等底层应用开发平台以及NXT，SIA，比特股，MaidSafe，Ripple等行业应用。
Today, Bitcoins remain the absolute mainstream of digital currencies, which are in a state of flowering, and are common in bitcoin, litecoin, dogecoin, dashcoin. In addition to currency applications, there are a variety of derivative applications, such as bottom-level development platforms such as Etherium, Asch and the NXT, SIA, Bitcot, Maid Safe, Ripple, etc.
去中心化，区块链技术不依赖额外的第三方管理机构或硬件设施，没有中心管制，除了自成一体的区块链本身，通过分布式核算和存储，各个节点实现了信息自我验证、传递和管理。去中心化是区块链最突出最本质的特征。
Decentralization, where block chain technology is not dependent on additional third-party management or hardware facilities, and where there is no central control, apart from the self-contained block chain itself, where information is self-validated, transmitted and managed through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent feature of the block chain.
开放性，区块链技术基础是开源的，除了交易各方的私有信息被加密外，区块链的数据对所有人开放，任何人都可以通过公开的接口查询区块链数据和开发相关应用，因此整个系统信息高度透明。
Openness. The technical base of the block chain is open-sourced. Except for private information of the parties to the transaction, the data in the block chain are open to all, and anyone can access the block chain data and develop relevant applications through open interfaces, thus providing a high degree of transparency of information throughout the system.
独立性，基于协商一致的规范和协议(类似比特币采用的哈希算法等各种数学算法)，整个区块链系统不依赖其他第三方，所有节点能够在系统内自动安全地验证、交换数据，不需要任何人为的干预。
Independence, based on consensus norms and agreements (a variety of mathematical algorithms, such as the Hashi algorithm used in Bitcoin), the entire block chain system is not dependent on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely validate and exchange data within the system without intervention by anyone.
安全性，只要不能掌控全部数据节点的51%，就无法肆意操控修改网络数据，这使区块链本身变得相对安全，避免了主观人为的数据变更。
Security, as long as 51 per cent of all data nodes are not controlled, does not allow arbitrary manipulation of network data, which makes the block chain itself relatively secure and avoids subjective data variations.
匿名性，除非有法律规范要求，单从技术上来讲，各区块节点的身份信息不需要公开或验证，信息传递可以匿名进行。
Anonymity, except as required by legal norms, does not technically require the disclosure or authentication of the identity information of each block node, and the transmission of the information may be anonymous.
一般说来，区块链系统由数据层、网络层、共识层、激励层、合约层和应用层组成。其中，数据层封装了底层数据区块以及相关的数据加密和时间戳等基础数据和基本算法；网络层则包括分布式组网机制、数据传播机制和数据验证机制等；共识层主要封装网络节点的各类共识算法；激励层将经济因素集成到区块链技术体系中来，主要包括经济激励的发行机制和分配机制等；合约层主要封装各类脚本、算法和智能合约，是区块链可编程特性的基础；应用层则封装了区块链的各种应用场景和案例。该模型中，基于时间戳的链式区块结构、分布式节点的共识机制、基于共识算力的经济激励和灵活可编程的智能合约是区块链技术最具代表性的创新点。
In general, the block chain system consists of data layers, network layers, consensus layers, incentive layers, contract layers, and application layers. The data layer covers basic data and algorithms such as bottom data blocks and related data encryption and time stamping; the network layer includes distributed network mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms and data validation mechanisms; the consensus algorithms of the main network nodes of the consensus layer; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the block chain technical system, including, inter alia, distribution and distribution mechanisms of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly covers various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which form the basis for the programmable characteristics of the block chain; and the application layer covers the application landscapes and cases of the block chain. In the model, the smart contract based on time stamped blocks, the consensus mechanism of distribution nodes, economic incentives based on consensus algorithms and flexible programming is the most representative innovation point of block technology.
分布式账本
Distributed Book
分布式账本指的是交易记账由分布在不同地方的多个节点共同完成，而且每一个节点记录的是完整的账目，因此它们都可以参与监督交易合法性，同时也可以共同为其作证。
Distributed books mean that transactions are accounted for by multiple nodes located in different locations and that each node records complete accounts, so that they can be involved in monitoring the legitimacy of the transaction and can testify against it together.
跟传统的分布式存储有所不同，区块链的分布式存储的独特性主要体现在两个方面：一是区块链每个节点都按照块链式结构存储完整的数据，传统分布式存储一般是将数据按照一定的规则分成多份进行存储。二是区块链每个节点存储都是独立的、地位等同的，依靠共识机制保证存储的一致性，而传统分布式存储一般是通过中心节点往其他备份节点同步数据。没有任何一个节点可以单独记录账本数据，从而避免了单一记账人被控制或者被贿赂而记假账的可能性。也由记账节点足够多，理论上讲除非所有的节点被破坏，否则账目就不会丢失，从而保证了账目数据的安全性。
In contrast to traditional distributed storage, the uniqueness of distributed storage of block chains can be found in two main ways: first, that each node of the block chain stores complete data according to a block chain structure, and that traditional distributed storage typically divides data into multiple copies according to a certain rule. Second, that each node of the block chain stores is separate, status equivalent, relying on a consensus mechanism to ensure consistency in storage, while traditional distributed storage usually synchronizes data with other backup nodes through a central node. No node can record the book data separately, thus avoiding the possibility of a single accountr being controlled or bribed to keep a false account.
非对称加密
Asymmetric Encryption
存储在区块链上的交易信息是公开的，但是账户身份信息是高度加密的，只有在数据拥有者授权的情况下才能访问到，从而保证了数据的安全和个人的隐私。
The transaction information stored on the block chain is publicly available, but the account identification information is highly encrypted and accessible only with the authorization of the data owner, thereby ensuring data security and personal privacy.
共识机制
Consensus Mechanism
共识机制就是所有记账节点之间怎么达成共识，去认定一个记录的有效性，这既是认定的手段，也是防止篡改的手段。区块链提出了四种不同的共识机制，适用于不同的应用场景，在效率和安全性之间取得平衡。
The consensus mechanism is how to reach a consensus among all bookkeeping nodes to determine the validity of a record, both as a perceived tool and as a means of preventing tampering. The block chain offers four different consensus mechanisms that apply to different application scenarios, balancing efficiency and security.
区块链的共识机制具备“少数服从多数”以及“人人平等”的特点，其中“少数服从多数”并不完全指节点个数，也可以是计算能力、股权数或者其他的计算机可以比较的特征量。“人人平等”是当节点满足条件时，所有节点都有权优先提出共识结果、直接被其他节点认同后并最后有可能成为最终共识结果。以比特币为例，采用的是工作量证明，只有在控制了全网超过51%的记账节点的情况下，才有可能伪造出一条不存在的记录。当加入区块链的节点足够多的时候，这基本上不可能，从而杜绝了造假的可能。
“Equality for all” is the right of all nodes to give priority to consensus results, to be identified directly by the other nodes and, ultimately, to be the final consensus. In Bitcoin, for example, the workload proves that it is possible to falsify a record that does not exist only when more than 51% of the account nodes on the network are controlled. When the nodes are sufficiently numerous, it is essentially impossible to add to the nodes, thus eliminating the possibility of forgery.
智能合约
Smart Contract
智能合约是基于这些可信的不可篡改的数据，可以自动化的执行一些预先定义好的规则和条款。以保险为例，如果说每个人的信息（包括医疗信息和风险发生的信息）都是真实可信的，那就很容易的在一些标准化的保险产品中，去进行自动化的理赔。在保险公司的日常业务中，虽然交易不像银行和证券行业那样频繁，但是对可信数据的依赖是有增无减。因此，笔者认为利用区块链技术，从数据管理的角度切入，能够有效地帮助保险公司提高风险管理能力。具体来讲主要分投保人风险管理和保险公司的风险监督。
Smart contracts are based on these credible and indefensible data, allowing for the automated implementation of predefined rules and provisions. For example, insurance, if everyone’s information (including medical information and information on the occurrence of risks) is authentic, it is easy to make automated claims in a number of standardized insurance products. In insurance companies’ day-to-day operations, while transactions are not as frequent as banks and the securities industry, reliance on credible data is increasing.
金融领域
区块链在国际汇兑、信用证、股权登记和证券交易所等金融领域有着潜在的巨大应用价值。将区块链技术应用在金融行业中，能够省去第三方中介环节，实现点对点的直接对接，从而在大大降低成本的同时，快速完成交易支付。
Block chains have potentially significant application value in financial areas such as international exchange, letters of credit, equity registers, and stock exchanges. Applying block chain technology in the financial sector can save third-party intermediaries and direct point-to-point interfaces, thereby rapidly completing transaction payments while significantly reducing costs.
比如Visa推出基于区块链技术的 Visa B2B Connect，它能为机构提供一种费用更低、更快速和安全的跨境支付方式来处理全球范围的企业对企业的交易。要知道传统的跨境支付需要等3-5天，并为此支付1-3%的交易费用。Visa 还联合 Coinbase 推出了首张比特币借记卡，花旗银行则在区块链上测试运行加密货币“花旗币”。
Visa, for example, introduced Visa B2B Connect, based on block chain technology, which provides institutions with a cheaper, faster and safer method of cross-border payments to deal with business-to-business transactions worldwide. Know that traditional cross-border payments take three to five days and pay 1 to 3% of transaction costs to do so. Visa also joined forces with Coinbase to launch the first bitcoin debit card, and Citibank tested the running of the encrypted currency “flag currency” on the block chain.
物联网和物流领域
区块链在物联网和物流领域也可以天然结合。通过区块链可以降低物流成本，追溯物品的生产和运送过程，并且提高供应链管理的效率。该领域被认为是区块链一个很有前景的应用方向。
Block chains can also be naturally combined in the area of physical networking and logistics. Through block chains, logistics costs can be reduced, the production and delivery of goods can be traced and the supply chain management can be made more efficient.
区块链通过结点连接的散状网络分层结构，能够在整个网络中实现信息的全面传递，并能够检验信息的准确程度。这种特性一 定程度上提高了物联网交易的便利性和智能化。区块链+大数据的解决方案就利用了大数据的自动筛选过滤模式，在区块链中建立信用资源，可双重提高交易的安全性，并提高物联网交易便利程度。为智能物流模式应用节约时间成本。区块链结点具有十分自由的进出能力，可独立的参与或离开区块链体系，不对整个区块链体系有任何干扰。区块链 +大数据解决方案就利用了大数据的整合能力，促使物联网基础用户拓展更具有方向性，便于在智能物流的分散用户之间实现用户拓展。
Block chains allow for the full transmission of information throughout the network, and for the accuracy of the information. This feature increases, to a certain extent, the ease and intelligence of material-networking transactions. Block-chain-plus data solutions use automatic filtering models for large data, creating credit resources in block-chains that can both enhance the security of transactions and increase the ease of transactional access. Time-cost savings are applied to smart logistics models. Block-chain nodes have a very free access, independent participation or exit from block-chain systems, without any interference with the entire block-chain system. Block-level + data solutions use the integration capability of large data to facilitate the expansion of the basic user base of material-networking and facilitate the expansion of users among decentralized users of intelligent logistics.
公共服务领域
Public service
区块链在公共管理、能源、交通等领域都与民众的生产生活息息相关，但是这些领域的中心化特质也带来了一些问题，可以用区块链来改造。区块链提供的去中心化的完全分布式DNS服务通过网络中各个节点之间的点对点数据传输服务就能实现域名的查询和解析，可用于确保某个重要的基础设施的操作系统和固件没有被篡改，可以监控软件的状态和完整性，发现不良的篡改，并确保使用了物联网技术的系统所传输的数据没用经过篡改。
Block chains are closely linked to people’s productive lives in areas such as public administration, energy, and transport, but they also pose problems in terms of their centralization, which can be adapted through block chains. Decentralized and fully distributed DNS services provide access to and reconciliation of domain names through point-to-point data transfer services between nodes in the network, which can be used to ensure that the operating systems and solids of an important infrastructure are not tampered with, to monitor the status and integrity of the software, to detect undesirable manipulations, and to ensure that data transmitted by systems using material networking technology are not tampered with.
数字版权领域
Digital copyright
通过区块链技术，可以对作品进行鉴权，证明文字、视频、音频等作品的存在，保证权属的真实、唯一性。作品在区块链上被确权后，后续交易都会进行实时记录，实现数字版权全生命周期管理，也可作为司法取证中的技术性保障。例如，美国纽约一家创业公司Mine Labs开发了一个基于区块链的元数据协议，这个名为Mediachain的系统利用IPFS文件系统，实现数字作品版权保护，主要是面向数字图片的版权保护应用。
By means of block chain technology, work can be identified, the presence of text, video, audio, etc., and ownership can be guaranteed. Once the work has been identified on the block chain, subsequent transactions can be recorded in real time and the full life cycle of digital copyright management can also be used as a technical guarantee in judicial evidence. For example, Mine Labs, an American start-up company in New York, has developed a meta-data protocol based on the block chain, a system called Medialain, which uses the IPFS file system for copyright protection of digital works, mainly for digital images.
保险领域
Insurance
在保险理赔方面，保险机构负责资金归集、投资、理赔，往往管理和运营成本较高。通过智能合约的应用，既无需投保人申请，也无需保险公司批准，只要触发理赔条件，实现保单自动理赔。一个典型的应用案例就是LenderBot, 是 2016 年由区块链企业 Stratumn、德勤与支付服务商 Lemonway 合作推出，它允许人们通过 Facebook Messenger 的聊天功能，注册定制化的微保险产品， 为个人之间交换的高价值物品进行投保，而区块链在贷款合同中代替了第三方角色。
In the case of insurance claims, the insurance agency is responsible for the collection, investment, settlement, and often higher management and operating costs. The application of smart contracts does not require the application of an applicant or the approval of an insurance company, as long as the terms of settlement are triggered to achieve automatic settlement of the policy. A typical application is LenderBot, launched in 2016 in partnership with Stratumn, Deloitte and Lemonway, which allows people to register customized microinsurance products through Facebook Messenger's chat function, which insures high value items exchanged between individuals, while block chains replace third-party roles in loan contracts.
公益领域
public goods
区块链上存储的数据，高可靠且不可篡改，天然适合用在社会公益场景。公益流程中的相关信息，如捐赠项目、募集明细、资金流向、受助人反馈等，均可以存放于区块链上，并且有条件地进行透明公开公示，方便社会监督。
The data stored on the block chain are highly reliable and indefensible, and are naturally suitable for use in social public goods.
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