随着区块链火花在全球蔓延，随着时间的推移，科技日益复杂。
Science and technology have become more complex over time as the sparks of block chains spread around the globe.
世界各国的区块链工程师正在考虑将他们的产品变成工程奇迹。这些想法逐渐孕育了流行用语。对于高管和投资人来说，了解这些潮流必不可少。这些知识可以被掌握，没有什么神秘。
Block-chain engineers around the world are considering turning their products into engineering miracles. These ideas have gradually given rise to popular language. For managers and investors, understanding these currents is essential. There is no mystery that this knowledge can be captured.
科技行业最新的流行语之一就是“生态系统”，尤其是“区块链生态系统”。
One of the most recent popular words in the science and technology industry is “ecosystems”, especially “block chain ecosystems”.
那么，什么是生态系统?
So, what's the ecosystem?
生态系统的概念来源于生物术语，用于描述生物群落的相互影响以及和他们所处环境之间的关系。现如今，这个类比已经扩展到区块链世界，其中生态系统涉及到不同参与者们，包括参与者之间的相互作用、与区块链去中心化应用以及与外部现实世界之间的关系。
The concept of ecosystems is derived from biological terms that describe the interactions of communities and the relationship with their environment. Today, the analogy extends to the world of the block chain, where ecosystems involve different actors, including interactions among participants, applications to decentralize the block chain and relations with the external real world.
典型的区块链可能有多个参与者：用户、组织、矿工、交易所、开发者、工程师、投资者等。交易是区块链网络的核心。没有交易，区块链网络将变得过时。
A typical block chain may have multiple participants: users, organizations, miners, exchanges, developers, engineers, investors, etc. The transaction is at the heart of the block chain network. Without the transaction, the block chain network will become obsolete.
链上交易和链下交易
The chain deal and the chain deal.
想要理解区块链生态系统的功能比较困难，但是从链上交易和链下交易这个方向入门是个不错的选择。
It would be difficult to understand the functioning of block chain ecosystems, but it would be a good option to enter the direction of trading on and under the chain.
链上交易记录在区块链公共账簿上，其区块链网络上的所有参与者都可看到。链上交易有可信任、去中心化、完全透明的特点。
Transactions on the chain are recorded in the public ledger of the block chain, which is visible to all participants in the network of blocks.
链下交易是行为者之间协议，不会反映在区块链上。链下交易往往更便宜、更快捷、更私密。
The chain of dealings is an agreement between the actors and is not reflected in the block chain. The chain of dealings is often cheaper, faster, and more private.
为了让大家更深入地了解区块链生态系统的工作原理，我们先来学习下Apla的案例。
In order to provide a deeper understanding of the workings of block-chain ecosystems, we will first study the case of Apla.
Apla区块链生态系统
Apla block chain ecosystem
所有Apla平台用户都是一个或多个生态系统的成员。平台用户使用其私钥访问这些生态系统。在Apla生态系统中，任何实体、个人或资产都被分配唯一的数字身份凭证(公钥号或哈希码)。由于Apla是一个全球生态系统模型，这些凭证可用于参与全球身份验证互换。
All Apla platform users are members of one or more ecosystems. Platform users use their private keys to access these ecosystems. In the Appla ecosystem, any entity, person or asset is assigned the only digital identity document (public key or Hashi code). As Apla is a global ecosystem model, these documents can be used for global identification swaps.
Apla之所以选择生态系统模型来创建应用程序，是因为这种模式能够自主地适用于多种场景，譬如商业、社交等。
Apa chose the ecosystem model to create the application because it was autonomously applicable to a variety of scenarios, such as commerce, socialization, etc.
在区块链生态系统中，自治至关重要。
Autonomy is essential in the ecosystem of the block chain.
生态系统：
Ecosystems:
包含大量应用程序和用户(创建或使用这些应用程序的参与者)
Include a large number of applications and users (participants that create or use these applications)
包括管理用户角色的系统和管理应用及其用户的访问权限的系统
Systems including systems for managing user roles and systems for managing applications and access rights for users
有可以自运行的自给自足系统; 也可以连接或集成其他生态系统
There are self-sustaining systems that can operate on their own; other ecosystems can also be connected or integrated
可以由任何APL钱包所有者创建
Could be created by any APL wallet owner
生态系统的创造者被称作生态系统创始人。
The creators of ecosystems are referred to as the founders of ecosystems.
一般情况下，生态系统创始人掌控了生态系统控制的所有权限：创建或编辑应用程序、用户角色、权限以及修改生态系统参数等。当然，对这些权限的控制也可以转移给生态系统的其他成员，由其创始人定义接受新成员加入整个生态系统的程序。
In general, the founder of an ecosystem has control over all powers of ecosystem control: the creation or editing of applications, user roles, privileges, and modification of ecosystem parameters. Of course, control over these powers can also be transferred to other members of the ecosystem, who define the procedure for accepting new members to join the ecosystem as a whole.
为了确保生态系统的自主性，生态系统的创始人及其成员创建了一套规则来控制系统内的操作。在Apla中，这些规则被称为智能法则。智能法则系统建立了修改访问权限及其他规则。
In order to ensure the autonomy of ecosystems, the founders of ecosystems and their members have created a set of rules to control the operation of the system. In Apla, these rules are called smart rules.
区块链行业快速增长。预计全球区块链技术市场从2016年到2022年以约51%的年复合增长率增长，到2022年将超过20亿美元的市值。(译注：只有20亿美元?这里指的是技术市场)
The block chain industry is growing rapidly. The global block chain technology market is expected to grow from 2016 to 2022 at an annual compound rate of about 51%, and will exceed the market value of $2 billion by 2022.
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