促進古代中西交通及文化交流的著名人物有不少，使者身份的有張騫、班超、周達觀、鄭和等，僧侶則有法顯、玄奘和義淨等，其中筆者最為敬佩和欣賞的是張騫。
There are a number of prominent figures who have promoted traffic and cultural exchanges in the central and western parts of the ancient era, such as Zhang Xing, Ben Xiao, Zhou Da Xin, Cheng and others, and monks, such as the law, the Qing Qing and the purity, among whom I admire and admire most.
張騫的事跡詳見於《史記·大宛列傳》及《漢書·西域傳》，他在漢武帝初年擔任郎吏，即皇帝侍衛之職。漢武帝雄才大略，以尊孔崇儒、大興禮樂代替漢初以來沿用近70年的黃老清靜無為治術；而對匈奴亦放棄和親，改為主動攻伐。漢武帝多次徵求出使月氏，以便與之結盟，東西夾擊匈奴的使節；經過數月，張騫願意為正使出使。
The details of Zhang’s story are found in the “Story of Skeeter” and the “Hanshu Sidr,” in which he served as a guardian of the Emperor in the early years of the Hanwu Empire. The Emperor’s masters were only able to replace Han’s early 70-year-old quiet with condolence and great pleasure, and to abandon and marry the Huns and turn them into the main attack. The Emperor sought the Moon so that he could join with him, and his objects could be used against the Huns. After several months, Zhang’s desire was to serve as a messenger.
出使十三年 艱苦不忘使命
It's been 13 years. It's hard to forget.
張騫兩次出使，以第一次最為艱巨和重要，而經歷時間亦頗長，從公元前139年至公元前126年，歷時13年。這次出使，事前要面對兩大難題︰一方面前往西域的主要通道，即河西走廊，為匈奴所盤踞，另一方面漢室對西域情況的了解近乎一片空白，要尋找一個只知向西遷逃的月氏族，談何容易？。
On two occasions, Zhang was the first most difficult and important, and on a long-term basis, from 139 B.C. to 126 B.C., 13 years ago. This time, he faced two major problems: on the one hand, the main passage to the west, the river's west corridor, was held hostage by the Huns, and on the other hand, Han's knowledge of the situation in the west was almost blank, and how easy it was to find a Moon clan who only knew to flee the west.
果然張騫一行百餘人一出隴西，踏入河西走廊，即為匈奴所俘獲。此後多年在監控下，負責看管牛羊馬匹等工作，其間亦在匈奴人安排下娶妻生子。若是一般人在異地生活十年，而且成家立室，早已打消繼續出使月氏的念頭。正當匈奴人認為已逐漸同化張騫，對他的監控大為放鬆時，他糾集了三十多名隨從，乘夜逃離，一直往西行。由此可見他具有堅毅不屈的心志和精神，一直無忘初心，誓要完成武帝交託的使命。
He was captured by the Huns as soon as he left the river's west corridor. After that, he was kept under surveillance and kept in charge of cattle, sheep and horses, and arranged to marry and have children with the Huns. If ordinary people had lived away for 10 years, and had a family, the idea of the Moon had long been removed. When the Huns thought that Zhang had become one and his surveillance had eased, he had gathered more than 30 followers who had fled at night and travelled westwards. He could thus see that he had a strong heart and spirit and had never forgotten his first intention and vowed to fulfil the mission entrusted to him by the Emperor.
逃離匈奴後，要面對浩瀚的塔里木大沙漠，帕米爾高原的崇山峻嶺，其間多次缺水缺糧，飢寒交迫。不過他在逆境中一直堅持信念，不畏艱辛，絕不氣餒，終於抵達已定居於現今中亞烏茲別克一帶的大月氏王國。由於大月氏無意與漢結盟，一年後張騫決定回國，當抵達河西走廊時再度被匈奴俘虜，幸好一年後匈奴內亂，張騫才得以乘亂逃回中土。
After fleeing the Huns, faced with the vast Tarimu desert, the mountains of the Pamil Plateau, where many times lacked water and food, and were suffering from hunger. But in adversity, he persisted in his belief, without fear or anger, and finally arrived in the Great Moon Kingdom of Azerbaijan, which was settled in the region of Yazbek today. As a result of his unwitting alliance with Han, he decided to return to the country a year later, when he arrived in the western corridor of the river, he was again captured by the Huns, fortunately after a year of civil strife, where he was able to flee into the middle soil in chaos.
若就原先出使的目的，即希望大月氏與漢結盟攻擊匈奴，張騫的任務可說是失敗的，但他於出使大月氏的往返過程中，不忘記錄西域的山川地理，諸國的風土民情，物產經濟等，特別是中亞幾個較大的國家，如大宛、大月氏、大夏、烏孫、康居的狀況，令漢廷的世界觀大為開闊。
If the original aim, which was to hope that the Great Moon would join the Han allies against the Huns, Zhang’s mission could be described as a failure, but in his journey to and from the Great Moon, he kept track of the mountains and mountains of the West, the country’s culture, the real economy, etc., especially in the larger countries of Central Asia, such as Daejon, Moon, Daxia, Ursun and Kang Qin, which opened the world’s eyes.
再者，張騫的往返路線，可說是開啟和奠定古代絲綢之路的雛形，此後中國與西域的貿易和文化交流日益頻繁，於武帝晚年已呈現「殊方異物，四面而至」的景況。
Moreover, Zhang’s route to and from China is a form of opening and laying the ancient silk trail, after which China’s trade and cultural exchanges with the West have become more frequent, and the Wu Emperor’s late years have been marked by “unlikeness, everywhere.”
綜言之，張騫的成功和貢獻，主要在於他具有堅毅不屈、不怕艱辛、堅持信念的意志精神。而「博望侯」之名不足以彰顯其優點。
In a word, Zhang’s success and contribution are largely due to his determination to remain steadfast, not afraid of hardship, and to hold on to his faith. The name “Hot of Hope” is not enough to highlight its merits.
◆ 緩圓（資深中學中史科中文科教師，從事教學工作三十年）
(Thirty years of teaching)
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