數字貨幣(Digital Currency，簡稱DC)
Numerical Currency (Digital Currecy, short DC)
數字貨幣是指對貨幣進行數字化。數字化不是指掃描。這一點就如同數字簽名一樣，數字簽名不是指將你的簽名掃描成數字圖像，或者用觸摸板獲取的簽名，更不是你的落款。
digitized currency means . Digitization does not mean scanning. This is like . This is not the signature of /a>.
國際清算銀行( BIS )將數字貨幣定義為以數字形式表示的資產。
(BIS) defines numeric currency as a numeric asset.
數字貨幣作為一一個廣義術語可以包含以數字方式表示價值的任何東西。
Digital currency, as a generic term, can contain anything that represents value in numerical terms.
數字貨幣不像人民幣鈔票或硬幣那樣具有物理形式,而是以電子方式存在的。可以使用手機、平板、電腦或互聯網等技術在用戶或實體之間傳輸數字貨幣。最成功和最廣泛使用的數字貨幣形式是加密貨幣——比特幣。某些情況可以使用數字貨幣購買商品和服務;但是有時只能將數字貨幣用於特定目的,例如社交網路或線上游戲。
Digital currency does not take physical form like is used to transfer digital currency between users or entities. The most successful and popular form of digital currency is used as is used as an encryption line of
1、數字貨幣包含部分“電子貨幣”, 這些貨幣只是政府發行或監督承認的法定貨幣的數字代表。比如巴克萊銀行新發佈了-一個名為Pingit ,美國監管機構承認的1:1錨定美元的USDT\GUSD\PAX等。
1 Digital coins include .
2、數字貨幣包含狹義的“虛擬貨幣”,由開發 人員控制和創建,併在特定社區中獲得價值。比如騰訊的Q幣、任天堂的積分等,僅用於自己的生態圈,理論上不能用來購買真實商品和服務。
2 Digital currency includes a narrow “, controlled and created by the developer and valued in a particular community. For example, a href=https://wiki.mbalib.com/zh-tw/%E4%BB%B%E5A4%E5%E5%E5%A5%A5%A0%82"title= "any paradise" is used only in its own sphere of life and theory cannot be used to buy real goods and services.
3、數字貨幣包含”加密貨幣”, - 種使用密碼學原理來確保交易安全及控制交易單位創造的交易媒介,去中心化,沒有任何監管者,可以在實體或用戶之間傳輸,可以進行真實貨品交易,允許無國界轉讓所有權以及即時交易。比如比特幣、以太幣等。
3
1. 在很早的原始商業行為當中，代幣（金屬硬幣）使用的效率很高，方便交易結算。這個時候誰手裡有硬幣並不重要，重要的是硬幣被賦予了貨幣結算的價值，這個時候的代幣使用範圍僅限於一城一地。
1. In the early business , efficiency efficiency is high. It is not important who has a coin in his hand at this time that the coin is given 2. 但是商業行為會自動擴大，馬車、輪船的發明使得全世界可交易的範圍越來越廣，這個時候硬幣因為其自身重量的關係，成本變得越來越高。直到9世紀紙幣誕生以及銀行的誕生，使得前往不同地域的商人直接持有該銀行的票據便可取款。這也是支票的來源。
2. However, commercial activity increases automatically, and the world’s tradable scope is increased by the invention of carriages and ships, and the cost of coins is increasing by its own weight. Until the ninth century notes /a> and banks’ birth, making it possible for traders to travel to different regions to hold the bank’s ticket directly. This is also the source of cheques. 3. 隨著全球化商業行為越來越多，票據因為商業範圍的擴大，所以國家與國家之間也簽訂了協議，支持票據的合法性。直到如今互聯網的出現和發展，我們可以隨時隨地用智能手機進行點對點、人對人的交換各種信息和服務。這個使用使用某種特定貨幣進行結算反而極為不方便。這種需求催生了很多巨頭的電子貨幣專業支付服務。例如中國的支付寶、微信、蘋果的Apple Pay等。
Businesses are increasingly involved, as a result of the expansion of business 但是國家與國家之間電子貨幣的價值不盡相同，所以電子貨幣只能在一個國家內部進行交易結算。如今互聯網使得全球國家變成了地球村，這個時候就需要一種所有人都能認同的信用貨幣來做結算，這是就信的數字貨幣，加密貨幣應運而生。
But the value of electronic currency varies from country to country, so electronic currency can only be traded within a country. Now that the Internet has turned the world into a global village, , which is a numeric currency that everyone can agree to. 電子貨幣一與銀行賬戶相關聯的是與數字貨幣有區別的，電子貨幣通常是一個國家法定貨幣的數字化表現，是用來進行電子化交易的法定貨幣。因此,數字貨幣不同於電子貨幣。比特幣與中央銀行所發行的數字貨幣不同,後者屬於法定貨幣，是用政府的信用為擔保，價值波動相對而言是比較小的，同時還具備有非營利性的特點而且不會收取使用者任何費用，其在
Electronic currency is related to bank accounts in a different way to digital currency, which is usually a digitized expression of a national statutory currency used to carry out electronic transactions. So, the digital currency is different from the electronic currency. Bitcoin, unlike the digit currency issued by the Central Bank, is a legal currency that is secured by government credit and values are smaller relative to value movements, and it has a non-profit niche and does not charge a user at any cost at the same time. 可控性、公平性和安全性等方面與比特幣相比更具有保障性。
Controllability, fairness and security are more secure than Bitcoins. 目前為止，數字貨幣大部分都是由非金融機構發行的。最近幾年來，比奧幣、可可幣、萊特幣、比特幣等為代表的數字貨幣吸引了全世界的關註甲。其得到愈來愈多人的追捧因為其低的交易成本、去中心化、可控匿名、便捷跨境流通等優勢。除此之外，一些國家的部分金融機構或者中央銀行也在研究自己的數字貨幣上下了大功夫。2015 年，瑞士信貸銀行研究發明瞭一種能夠使真實貨幣和央行賬戶建立相關聯繫的“多用途結算貨幣”;美國的花旗銀行推出了使用“區塊鏈分散式賬戶技術”
At present, most of the digitized coins have been issued by . In recent years,
數字貨幣經常被訛誤成虛擬貨幣。但是虛擬貨幣是指非真實的貨幣，比如在你玩三國誌 (游戲)或大航海，你有錢，那些錢是虛擬的。當然，那些虛擬的錢也會有其真實價值。比如，你從別的玩家那裡將她/他的賬號買過來，你就可以得到那個玩家的所有虛擬的資產，然後你繼續玩下去就會容易得多。
Digital coins are often mistaken for . But virtual coins refer to non-real , for example, in your three national magazines (players) or in the ocean, you have money that is virtual. Of course, the virtual money also has its real value. For example, when you buy her/his account from other players, you will get all of the player's virtual currency 虛擬貨幣並非一定是數字化的。例如小孩子玩游戲用小石子當虛擬貨幣。
does not necessarily have to be . For example, children play games with small stones for . 一般指IC卡（智能卡），磁卡（磁帶）里儲存的現金，而數字貨幣是不需要一張物理卡片的。
General reference is ) and , which does not require a physical card. 提及數字貨幣的本質,虛擬性往往是第--考慮的因素，但實際上,與其他類型的貨幣形式相比,其內在價值卻往往具有更加不同的意味。如果說貨幣問題是現代性的討論範疇,那麼虛擬貨幣即屬於後現代性。正是對二者差異的探討，才使數字貨幣的本質逐步顯現。
The reference to the nature of a digital currency is often a factor -- but, in fact, its intrinsic value tends to be more different than that of other types of currency. If the currency problem is a contemporary discussion model, the virtual currency is a post-modern one. 1.價值形成機制。
1. Value formation mechanisms. 數字貨幣是一種符號,一種信息貨幣，是一種相對性價值的外在體現。也可以說,數字貨幣是個性化貨幣。在另一種說法中,也可稱為信息貨幣。它們的共性在於都是對不確定性價值、相對價值進行表示的符號。原有含義的貨幣,只能是新的更廣義貨幣一個特例。貨幣既可作為一般等價物的符號，也可作為相對化價值集的符號。
Digital currency is a symbol, an information currency, an external facet of relative value. It can also be said that digital currency is a sexual currency. In another way, it can be called an information currency. Their commonality is a symbol of unsure value . The original value currency can only be a special feature of a new, more general currency. 2.貨幣決定機制。
2. Currency determination mechanisms. 一般貨幣由央行決定,而數字貨幣由個人決定。從信息經濟學的角度看,央行是理性價值的一個固定不變的參照點的人格化代表,而虛擬的貨幣市場(如股市、游戲貨幣市場)是由央行之外的力量決定的。正是在這個意義上,在經濟學中有人把股票市場稱為虛擬貨幣市場,把股市和衍生金融市場形成的經濟稱為虛擬經濟。虛擬經濟的本質就是以個體為中心的信息經濟。
From the perspective of the information economy, the central bank is a fixed , while the virtual 3.價值交換機制。
3. Value swap system. 通常來說,一般貨幣與數字貨幣處於不同類型的交換市場,一般貨幣可以購買商品,也可以通過售賣商品來換取貨幣,是一種雙向的價值交換機制,使市場中的貨幣始終可以處於一-種流通狀態,保證了供需協調,同時為央行制定巨集觀調控政策提供依據。而數字貨幣卻沒有這種機制,用一般貨幣可以兌換數字貨幣,但是用數字貨幣再兌換為人民幣,儘管也可以實現,卻並不是非常方便,或者是發行數字貨幣方提供反向兌換服務,或者是通過第三方平臺來進行售賣,但是往往存在一定的風險。
Generally speaking, the general currency and the 4.貨幣創造能力。
4. Currency creation capacity. 目前數字貨幣運行過程中是不需要提現的，只在網路.上進行流通,其傳播速度由於互聯網的快捷性而異常迅速,間接導致數字貨幣具有較強的擴張力,甚至可以說是無限的,雖然各大網路運營企業不會無限提供虛擬數字貨幣,但是其創造能力確實在某種程度上是可以無限倍地放大。
The current digital currency travel process, which does not need to be raised, is circulating only on the Internet. It is is likely to expand to an unlimited extent. 5.風險。
Risk. 毫無疑問，作為一種虛擬貨幣，數字貨幣的風險相對於傳統法幣是比較大的,傳統法幣的發行程式比較嚴格,而且非常規範,是一國中央銀行根據國家整體運行情況進行統籌規劃而發行的,通常以國家信譽為擔保。但是數字貨幣的發行主體大多是企業,相對來說比較靈活，其發行基礎是企業的經濟資產及信譽,--且企業出現經營問題,其發行的貨幣也會變得一文不值。
There is no doubt that, as a virtual currency, the risk of a digital currency is greater than that of a conventional French currency, which is issued under a more rigid and highly regulated system, , usually backed by national credit. But the issuer of a digital currency is mostly a business, which is more dynamic than the business >, and that it is likely that the issue of corporate property will be ignored. 1.計量單位的特殊性。現實中的法定貨幣分為主幣和輔幣,而且各單位之間都存在著固定的換算關係。我國相關銀行法就規定，人民幣的單位是元,輔幣單位是角和分,主輔幣單位換算遵循十進位制。但是數字貨幣是以電磁信號、光信號等形式儲存於電腦中的二進位數字化信息,因此沒有必要做出主幣與輔幣的區分,每種數字貨幣都有自己的計量單位,具有較強的可分性,適用於小微型交易,--個比特幣可以被細分到小數點後8位,.00000010是比特幣的最小單位。
1. The speciality of the unit of measure is defined as 2.貨幣形態的虛擬性。
2. Virtualness of currency form. 虛擬性是數字貨幣最為顯著的特征。就其本質來說,數字貨幣只是一組二進位數據,與現實中的紙幣、硬幣等形式截然不同,雖然在游戲等虛擬社區中可以以一些獨特的外形存在,但這隻是一種技術的體現,而非以實體存在於真實客觀世界的。
Virtuality is the most prominent feature of digital currency. At its very nature, digital currency is a set of binary bits , which is quite different from paper and coins in reality, although it may exist in some unique shapes in virtual communities such as games, but it is the reality of a technique rather than the reality of a real world of view. 3.應用時空的局限性。
3. Limitations of application time and space. 貨幣形態的虛擬性恰恰是其局限性的根源所在，離開了特定的時間和空間,通常其不具有任何價值。即使是數字加密貨幣,受監管等因素的約束，目前在使用的空間範圍上也有很大的局限性。有關研究發現,比特幣自產生以來,大部分並沒有參與流通，他們被轉人特定賬戶之後,就從流通中消失了。2012年5月的調查數字顯示，比特幣的持有分佈高度集中,97%的賬戶持有的比特幣在10個以下,90%以上的賬戶交易次數少於10次,並不活躍。
The virtuality of the currency shape is precisely the source of its limitations, leaving a particular time and space, usually of no value. Even digitally encrypted currency, subject to surveillance, etc., has a significant limitation on the range of spaces currently in use. Research has found that Bitcoins have not been in circulation since they were created, and most of them have disappeared from circulation since they were transferred to a specific account. The May 2012 survey figures show that bitcoin holdings are highly concentrated, with 97 per cent holding bitcoins below 10, and that more than 90 per cent of accounts have been traded 10 times less than 10 times, and are not lively. 4.交易價格的不穩定性。
4. Instability of transaction prices. 現實貨幣的發行是由中央銀行按照市場上經濟發展對貨幣的需求水平,以及國家的巨集觀貨幣政策制訂相應的計劃,儘可能確保市場的穩定和促進經濟的發展。但是非加密數字貨幣的發行種類與數量都是由網路運營商決定的,價格也由其任意決定;而加密貨幣的價格更是波動劇烈。以比特幣為例,2009年誕生時幾乎一文不值,而之後從2011年0.3美元一路飆升到30美元,之後雖然出現了持續震蕩，但總體還在繼續走高,2018年9月已經達到了6000餘美元。從供求關係來看,比特幣的供給固定,總量有限,但其需求波動較大。與黃金相比,供求關係對價格影響有所不同。二者面臨的需求曲線大體相同,但供求曲線差異較大。比特幣價格波動劇烈的原因主要來自於兩個方面:一是挖礦能力與貨幣供給無關，使得其無法通過提高挖礦能力來增加貨幣供給從而減輕貨幣價值增加的壓力;二是挖礦能力本身不穩定,在比特幣價值增加時挖礦有利可圖,而當比特比價值下降時，挖礦缺乏激勵，支付網路的處理能力也很快降低。而且,比特幣的價格受重大媒體輿論事件的影響也比較大。
1、數字貨幣之利
1. The profit of the digit currency 數字貨幣作為一個新生事物，其生命力正在展現，得到政府和企業的高度重視簡單講其主要的“利處”有以下幾個方面:
Digital currency, as a new thing, is beginning to show its vitality, with the following aspects of its main “profits” being given high priority by Governments and businesses: (1)有利於降低紙幣管理成本.
(1) To reduce the cost of paper management... 我國目前每年流通的紙幣為6萬億元左右，雖然這個數字在逐年降低，但其包括了印製、發行、更換、銷毀，以及銀行自動取款機和櫃臺的現金服務和企業、商戶的現金管理等的管理成本，每年約超千億元人民幣，如果採用數字貨幣，將大大降低管理成本。
Although our country currently has about $6 trillion per year in circulation, this figure is decreasing year by year, but it includes the management costs of printing, issuing, changing, destroying, cash services and businesses of bank self-directed tellers and counters, cash management, which is estimated at more than 100 billion yuan per year, which would significantly reduce the management costs if digitized. (2)有利於貨幣監管
(2) In the interest of currency supervision 數字貨幣體繫數據維度豐富，數據完整準確，可以及時統計巨集觀經濟數據。央行可以及時掌握金融市場情況，根據完整和全面數據及時制定相關貨幣政策，及時實施到消費者和企業,達到貨幣監管的主要目的。
The digital currency system is rich in dimensions and complete . The central bank can keep track of the financial market in a timely manner and, based on complete and comprehensive data = for the main purposes of currency control. (3)有利於加快金融市場信息傳導，提高跨境支付效率和經濟數據統計效率
(3) To improve the efficiency of cross-border payments and economic statistics by accelerating the dissemination of financial market information 數字貨幣系統體系中，數字貨幣的交易去向用途可以及時統計，並且可能被所有參與者知曉，這有助於金融市場交易信息快速傳遞，提升金融產品交易效率。及時準確的金融產品交易彙總信息也可以幫助金融產品交易者控制風險，制定恰當的交易策略，明智進行投資。
In the digit currency system, transactions in digit currencies are time-sensitive and may be known to all participants. This facilitates the rapid transmission of information on financial market transactions by upgrading (4) 有利於反洗錢監測
(4) To the benefit of anti-money laundering surveillance 數字貨幣在技術上記錄了貨幣整個生命周期的關鍵信息，包含數字貨幣產生的原因、支付理由、支付發起人和受益人，過去支付的歷史信息等。從數字貨幣中可以瞭解到貨幣流向和環節，以及涉及到的人、商品、服務、企業、金額等信息。這些信息可以解釋真實的貨幣用途和走向，有利於預防和監測各種經濟犯罪。
Digital currency technically records key information throughout the currency's life cycle, including the reasons for its generation, the reasons for payment, the payee and beneficiary, historical information from past payments, and so on. From digital currency, you can learn about currency flows and loops, as well as information about people, goods, services, businesses, money, etc. involved. These information can explain the true use and direction of the currency, in the interest of preventing and monitoring economic crimes /a>. (5)有利於交易信息完整透明
(5) In the interest of complete transparency of the transaction information 數字貨幣可以記錄包含貨幣起源、支付原因、支付路徑等交易信息，數據的完整和開放，解決了信息不對稱問題，可以幫助企業和機構從中找到具有價值的統計信息，在一定程度上提升社會交易的公平和效率，調節資源配置，避免不必要的浪費。
The digital currency can record transactions including the origin of the currency, the reasons for payment, the path of payment, and the completeness and opening of the data, which solves the problem of the inestimation of the information and helps businesses and institutions to find valuable statistics and to some extent improve the fairness and efficiency of social transactions, improve resource allocation and avoid unnecessary costs. (6)有利於促進貨幣向醫療、教育、公共福利等領域流動
(6) Promotion of currency flows to health, education, public welfare, etc. 在數字貨幣體系下，貨幣的支付環節被完整記錄下來，關鍵支付信息會被記錄、存儲、統計上傳，貨幣流轉信息完整透明。財政可以依據這些信息來監控貨幣流向，確保貨幣流向計劃領域。另外從技術手段上來看，數字貨幣可以被停用，當數字貨幣流向錯誤時，可以利用技術手段進行控制，讓其回到正確流通方向，幫助需要幫助的人。
Under the digit currency system, the currency’s payment loop is fully documented, key payment information is recorded, stored, uploaded, and the currency flow information is fully transparent. Finance can use this information to monitor the currency’s flow and to ensure that the currency’s flow to the planned territory is secured. And, technically, the digit currency can be deactivated, and when the digit’s flow is wrong, it can be controlled using technical means to return it to the right direction to help people in need. 2、數字貨幣之弊
2. The malignancy of digital currency (1)數字貨幣衍生進化較快，在技術和管理方面發展還不成熟，在成本、效率、存儲、安全等方面都還有很多問題沒有解決;
(1) Digital currency derivatives have evolved more rapidly, technologically and administratively, and many problems remain unresolved in terms of cost, efficiency, storage and security; (2)數字貨幣如果被投入使用，將涉及到包括收單系統和商戶收單設備在內的所有金融支付系統的改造。其數據計算和存儲的系統投入巨大，估計其基礎投入將在千億元人民幣之上，這還不包括國家之間數字貨幣體系的建設;
(2) The digital currency, if put into use, will involve the adaptation of all financial payment systems, including the billing system and the billing system in place. Its data calculation and storage system is heavily invested, and it is estimated that its base investment will be on the hundreds of billions of yuan. This does not include country's > digit currency system; (3)相對於現在的貨幣支付系統，數字貨幣系統有可能會面臨更多的風險，特別是來自互聯網的危險，例如黑客的入侵，數據混淆等。
(3) For the current currency payment system, the digital currency system is likely to face more risks , especially from risks, such as hacking. 目前，雖然說區塊鏈技術在不斷地發展且日趨完善，但是真正要把區塊鏈技術應用於商業特別是金融行業這其中還存在這許多的問題。其中最大的三個問題是:安全性、應用範圍、隱私保護的問題。
1.安全性
1. Security 區塊鏈面前面臨最嚴峻的問題仍然是安全性。自比特幣問世以來到目前為止，其遭受到黑客的攻擊導致的被盜事件時有發生，因此基於區塊鏈技術的數字貨幣在技術面上尚未成熟。雖然說實際系統中攻擊一次需要的的成本投人遠遠成功攻擊後的收益，但受到攻擊的威脅始終存在。
The most serious problem facing the chain is still security. Since the advent of the Bitcoin, there have been incidents of theft caused by hacker attacks, so digital currency based on chain technology is technologically immature. 2.應用範圍
2. Scope of application 我們目前所說的數字貨幣，大部分是指代替現金且支持自然人之間的小額交易。但就現有技術來說，要做到這一一點是完全用不著數字貨幣，支付寶就已經足夠了。然而，中央銀行如果發行數字貨幣，資金融通的市場和企業法人這兩個有更大應用需求的是否也要應用呢?這個答案不言而喻。因為目前的支付清算系統,這兩者都是要被嚴格監管的，其賬戶必須實名制。這樣支付系統中的管理員可以在終端觀察到整個交易的數據信息。這種結構，最終目標是整個社會的數字化管理，包含但不限於稅收徵管、反洗錢等各種挑戰。顯而易見，點對點且不記名的數字貨幣在這個系統中是一個異端,將會使整個系統紊亂。
Most of what we are talking about is digital currency, which is meant to replace cash and to support petty transactions between natural persons. But for technology as far as technology is concerned, the payment of the treasure is sufficient. However, Central Bank 3.隱私保護的問題
3. The question of privacy 在區塊鏈中，參與者都擁有一-份完整的數據備份，所有交易的信息都會在全網公開，這是區塊鏈信息不可篡改、去信任的優勢。這一點對於區塊鏈使用方來說是不利的。用戶不願意公開自己賬戶隱私，商業機構也不會將商業機密公開共用給同行。如何保護交易信息是一 個難題。
In , participants have a complete copy of /a>. It is a problem to protect trade information. 實現方式理論上有很多種。
There are many ways of doing this. 假設說你從銀行那裡得到數字貨幣（金額可變，比如說100元）。
Let's say you get a number from the bank. 銀行對金額及其它數據（比如分行號碼、所允許的轉用次數、有效期可選、是否可追蹤）進行了數字簽名。
The bank has digitally signed amounts and other data (e.g. branch numbers, permitted number of conversions, validity options, traceability). 這一串數據可以是用了你的公鑰加密的，也可以是不加密的。
This set of data can be encrypted using your public key, or it can be non-encrypted. 你得到這一串數據的方式也可以有很多種：加密傳輸的，不加密傳輸的。
There's a lot of ways you can get this data: it's encrypted, it's unencrypted. 不管怎麼樣，你就得到這麼一串數據了。（銀行一定是已經從你的賬戶里扣掉相應的金額了。銀行也同時發了一份拷貝給清算伺服器。）
In any case, you've got a set of data. (The bank must have taken the corresponding amount off your account. The bank also sent a copy to the clearing server.) 這一串數據，不管你複製多少份都代表同一個數字貨幣（那100元）。所以即使你同時把它給兩家百貨公司，那也是沒用的。
This set of data, no matter how many copies you make, represents the same digit currency (that $100). So even if you give it to two department stores at the same time , that's useless. 當你把它給接受者的時候，這一串數據可以是用了接受者的公鑰加密的，也可以是不加密的。
When you give it to the recipient, the data may be encrypted with the recipient's public key, or it may be unencrypted. 傳輸過程可以是加密傳輸的，也可以是不加密傳輸的。
The transfer process can be encrypted or non-encrypted. 當接受者收到它，接受者可以把它存到她/他的銀行里，銀行間再通過清算銀行進行清算。這一點就像跟存支票一樣，當然支票比較慢，而數字貨幣則是非常快因為都是電子的。
When the recipient receives it, the recipient can deposit it in her/his bank, and the bank settles it through . This is like 貨幣所有權註冊服務。
Of course, there is no big difference between such a process and a transfer. To reach a non-traceable purpose, this reality requires the introduction of an anonymous number /a> currency ownership.
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