1比特币等于多少美元

来源：FinanceWord投资大师

Source: FinanceWord Investment Master

本周，比特币价格降至6个月低点：价格一度下跌11%，随后反弹至7250美元左右。在过去5天中下跌了约15%，触及今年5月以来的新低。GMI外汇大胆猜测，是否这与近期中国官方对加密货币的风险警告有关。虽然几周前，国家领导人对区块链技术的潜力表示了支持，但显然区块链不等于比特币！

This week, Bitcoin prices fell to a low of six months: prices fell by 11% at a time, then rebounded to around $7250. Over the past five days, they have fallen by about 15%, touching the new low since May this year.

比特币，以暴涨暴跌而声名狼藉，有人一夜致富有人倾家荡产。GMI外汇认为，迹象表明，至少在国内监管机构依然对加密货币交易采取强硬立场。近期在币圈传的沸沸扬扬的利好消息认为，中国明确表示支持。据新华社当时报道，中国领导人称区块链为“核心技术”，需要加大支持和投资力度。这样的“利好”使得、比特币价格的反弹，但可能这也是一条误读信息！

According to Xinhua, China’s leaders called the block chain “core technology” and needed more support and investment. This “good” made it possible to reverse the price of Bitcoin, but it could also be a misreading message.

央行在上周五发布的一份声明中表示：“近年来，与虚拟货币相关的炒作花样翻新、投机盛行。”并补充道，央行将继续打击非法交易。“广大投资者应注意不要将区块链技术和虚拟货币混同。”

In a statement issued last Friday, the Central Bank stated: “In recent years, there has been a treacherous renovation and speculation associated with virtual currencies.” Moreover, the Central Bank will continue to fight illegal transactions.

一． 什么是区块链技术？

I. What is block chain technology?

过去几年大家都认为数字货币是金融市场的“下一个金矿”。而区块链技术，就是支撑比特币和其他加密货币的基础技术。

In the past few years, digital currency has been recognized as the “next gold mine” of financial markets. And block chain technology is the basic technology that underpins bitcoin and other encrypted currencies.

区块链技术和比特币是息息相关的，众所周知，比特币最大的特点就是它不由央行或者任何机构统一发行，没有中心存储机构的“账本”概念。比特币的本质就是一个基于互联网的去中心化账本，而区块链就是这个账本的名字。

Block chain technology and bitcoins are highly relevant, and it is well known that the biggest feature of bitcoins is that they are not issued uniformly by central banks or by any agency, and that there is no central repository concept of “books.” The essence of bitcoins is an Internet-based decentralized account book, and the block chain is the name of the account book.

简单来说，和其它任何货币相比，对比特币这样的数字货币而言，它的“账本”不掌握在任何央行或者机构的手中，而是分散在互联网各地，而一个区块链就相当于这本“账本”的其中一页。

In short, compared to any other currency, a digital currency such as Bitcoin, its “book” is not in the hands of any central bank or agency, but is spread over the Internet, and a block chain is equivalent to one of the pages of this “book”.

二． 比特币不是区块链

II. Bitcoin is not a block chain

先跟随GMI外汇看看比特币的区块链机制：这是一个通过竞争来发行更多比特币并且同步更新“账本”的机制，是一个强大的去中心化机制。因此，虽然区块链技术来自比特币，但意义绝对不限于比特币。

After GMI foreign exchange, look at the Bitcoin block chain mechanism: a competitive mechanism for issuing more bitcoins and simultaneously updating “books” is a powerful decentralizing mechanism. So, while block chain technology comes from bitcoin, it is by no means limited to bitcoin.

至今比特币运行已近多年，全球无数黑客尝试攻击比特币，但至今从未出现过交易错误，因此比特币的区块链技术被证明是一个安全可靠的系统。区块链技术造就的全民参与记账的方式将带来的是记账方式的革新。

Bitcoin has been operating for many years now, and countless hackers around the world have tried to attack bitcoin, but there has never been a transactional error, so Bitcoin’s block chain technology has proved to be a secure and reliable system. The way in which block chain technology is built will bring about innovations in the way that accounts are kept.

三． 区块链技术的意义

III. Meaning of block chain technology

正是由于区块链这种独特的技术所带来的安全性，它在未来的运用可能会极其广泛。在这样的技术之下，GMI外汇觉得类似比特币这样的数字加密货币可能会出现蓬勃的发展，但是，除了数字货币，它在诸多金融领域都将有广泛的运用。

It is precisely because of the security offered by this unique technology of block chains that its future application is likely to be extremely extensive. With this technology, GMI foreign exchange feels that digital cryptic currencies like Bitcoin may flourish, but it will be used extensively in many areas of finance, in addition to digital currencies.

比如在支付清算方面，将成为区块链应用的一大分支。

In the case of settlement of payments, for example, it would be a major branch of the block chain application.

由于国际交易没有权威机构作为中介，各国的清算系统和流程又有很大差异，因此清算十分复杂，在途资金占用严重。如果使用区块链，将所有交易都记录于区块链之上，相当于所有银行采用同一套统一的记账系统，就不再需要交易日后进行相互结算，跨国交易也可以实时到账。

As international transactions are not brokered by an authority, and national liquidation systems and processes vary considerably, liquidation is complicated and funds in transit are heavily occupied. If a block chain is used, all transactions are recorded above the block chain, equivalent to the same one for all banks, and mutual settlement after the transaction is no longer required, and cross-border transactions can be recorded in real time.

又比如在数字票据方面，使用区块链技术达到去中心化之后，能有效防范票据市场风险；省去了中心应用和接入系统的开发成本；规范市场秩序，降低监管成本等。区块链由于具有不可篡改的时间戳和全网公开的特性，在这一领域有很大优势。

In the case of digital paper, for example, the use of block chain technology to decentralize can effectively protect against paper market risks; the cost of developing central applications and access systems has been eliminated; and market order has been regulated and regulatory costs reduced. The block chain has significant advantages in this area, given its immutable time stamping and full Internet disclosure.

四． 区块链已成为市场新宠

IV. Block chains have become new to the market

GMI依然记得高盛之前申请过数字货币专利，其它金融巨头其实也早已开始行动。

The GMI still remembers that Goldman Sachs had applied for digital currency patents before, and that other financial giants had already begun to act.

全球最大的四家银行瑞银(UBS)、德意志银行(Deutsche Bank)、桑坦德银行(Santander)和纽约梅隆银行(BNY Mellon)在合作研发一种新形式数字货币，他们认为这种数字货币将成为利用区块链清算和结算金融交易的行业标准；国际清算银行也曾预期，10年之后加密电子货币的交易量将达到全球外汇交易量的10%左右，也就是差不多可能会是一个日交易量5000亿美元左右的巨大市场。

Four of the world’s largest banks, UBS, Deutsche Bank, Santander and BNY Mellon, are collaborating in the development of a new form of digital currency, which they believe will become an industry standard for the use of block chains to settle and settle financial transactions; the Bank for International Settlements also expected that, after 10 years, the volume of encrypted electronic currency transactions would reach about 10 per cent of global foreign exchange transactions, which could be a huge market of around $500 billion a day.

区块链是比特币的底层技术，比特币是区块链技术的第一个应用。从区块链技术的应用角度来看，区块链技术可以划为三个阶段：

The block chain technology can be divided into three phases from the point of view of the application of block chain technology:

第一阶段是比特币，即一套数字货币发行机制，不支持其他应用开发。

The first stage was Bitcoin, a digital currency issuance mechanism, which did not support other applications.

第二阶段是以太坊，以太坊在改进比特币区块的基础上加入了智能合约机制，每个人都可以在上面开发应用，本质上是一种健壮和安全的分布式状态机，典型的技术构成包括共识算法、P2P通讯、密码学、数据库技术和虚拟机，而其必不可少的5项核心能力分别为存储数据、共有数据、分布式、防篡改与保护隐私以及数字化合约。

The second stage is the Tai Pa, which has built on the refinement of the Bitcoin block to include smart contract mechanisms in which everyone can develop applications, essentially a robust and safe distributed state machine, typically composed of consensus algorithms, P2P communications, cryptography, database technology and virtual machines, with the five core competencies that are essential for storing data, sharing data, distribution, tampering and protecting privacy, and digitization contracts.

第三阶段是类似以太坊的扩展阶段，区块链将完成价值的交换。

The third phase is a phase of expansion similar to that of the Etherm, where the block chain will complete the exchange of value.

互联网二十多年，已到十字路口。区块链出现前的互联网被称为古典互联网 ，而应用区块链技术的互联网才进入了后互联网时代。赶上风口，尽早投入到区块链行业，无疑能分到更大块的蛋糕。

The Internet has been at the crossroads for more than 20 years. The Internet was known as the classical Internet before the block chain appeared, while the Internet, which applied block chain technology, entered the post-Internet era.

IT之家10月28日消息近日，区块链被公开点名，再次引发网友热议。一提到区块链，许多人第一反应就是比特币。

Many of the first reactions to the block chain are Bitcoin.

对此，人民日报官微发文称，区块链不等于比特币！比特币只是区块链技术的一种应用，区块链还有医疗卫生、食品安全、版权保护等诸多应用领域。

In response, the People’s Daily Officer sent a message stating that the block chain does not amount to bitcoin! Bitcoin is only one application of block chain technology, which also includes a number of applications such as health care, food security, copyright protection, etc.

区块链有哪些特点？①安全：不受任何人或实体控制，数据在多台计算机上完整地复制(分发)，数据安全性更有保障；②不可篡改：一旦进入区块链，任何信息都无法更改；③可访问：网络中的所有节点都可以访问信息；④无第三方：区块链的去中心化可以帮助点对点交易，无需第三方的批准。

What are the characteristics of the block chain?1 Security: data are fully reproduced (distributed) on multiple computers without any person or entity's control, and data security is more secure;2 inviolability: once entering the block chain, no information can be changed;3 accessible: information is accessible to all nodes in the network;4 no third party: decentralization of the block chain can help point-to-point transactions without third party approval.

来源: IT之家

Source: IT House

《和闻乐见》是和讯财经客户端倾情打造的一款栏目，风格轻松幽默，形式不拘一格。文章只为搏君一笑，不构成投资建议。转载请注明来源和讯财经客户端。

is a column that is easy and humorous and in a non-consensual form. The article is intended only for the purpose of laughter and does not constitute an investment proposal. Please specify the source and the client.

【区块链不等于比特币】近日，区块链被公开点名，再次引发网友热议。一提到区块链，许多人第一反应就是比特币。划重点，区块链不等于比特币！比特币只是区块链技术的一种应用，区块链还有医疗卫生、食品安全、版权保护等诸多应用领域。

In recent days, the block chain has been publicly named and rekindled. When it comes to the block chain, the first reaction of many people is bitcoin. Focus, the block chain is not bitcoin. Bitcoin is just an application of block chain technology, and there are a number of applications such as health, food security, copyright protection, etc.

神评论：虚拟币只是区块链的一种用法，不是唯一用法，虚拟币不是好东西，区块链可是好东西，不能因噎废食。

Review of God: Virtual coins are just a way of using the chain of blocks. They are not the only way. Virtual coins are not good things. The chain of blocks is good things.

【林俊杰的吊水针头被出售？医院：涉事工作人员已停职】10月27日下午，网传知名歌手林俊杰就医信息被泄露，使用过的吊水针头和注水包疑被医护人员出售给粉丝。10月28日零点整，镇江市第一人民医院发表《关于林俊杰先生就医后相关情况的说明》指出，事件起因系医院工作人员追星，在林俊杰先生离开后拍摄相关视频照片并发至朋友圈，被他人转载利用，称售卖林俊杰先生所用医疗用品。医院对涉事的相关工作人员已先行停职，后续视情节严肃处理。

On the afternoon of 27 October, the well-known singer, Lin Junjie, leaked medical information and sold to fans by health-care workers using the needles and water packs suspected of having been used. On 28 October, at 0000 p.m., the First People’s Hospital in Jinjiang City published a note on Mr. Lin Junjie’s post-medical situation, stating that the incident was caused by a follow-up by hospital staff, who took photographs of Mr. Lin Junjie’s departure and sent them to a circle of friends, and was used by others to sell the medical supplies used by Mr. Lin Junjie.

打开APP阅读最新报道

Open APP to read the latest report.

神评论：贩卖这个干嘛？提取DNA准备再孵化出一个林俊杰来？

Revue of God: Why are you selling this? Are you planning on incubating one of them?

这不是追星，这已经涉嫌违法！关于信息泄露和贩卖客户信息牟利的问题，各行各业都应该重视起来！

This isn't a chaser, it's a criminal offence! The issue of leaking information and selling information from customers for profit should be taken into account by all sectors!

【灵感来自韩剧！付费自习室最低收费28元一天，周末还需提前预约】近日，长沙出现付费自习室，吸引不少市民。近200平方米的自习室被划分为独立自习的享学区、沉浸区、拾光区和可小声讨论的研学区，工作日最低收费为28元一天。负责人彭女士说，灵感来自韩剧《请回答1988》。

Nearly 200 square metres of self-study rooms have been divided into separate self-study areas, immersion areas, immersion areas, scavenging areas, and study areas with quiet discussions, with a minimum of 28 dollars a day for work days. Ms. Peng, head of the department, said that the Korean play, Answer 1988.

神评论:不出一年。还是那个剧本。总是惊人的相似又不断重演。

God commented: Not a year. It's still the script. It's always amazingly similar and it's always happening again and again.

可以搞个融资了，争取两年内上市

We can get a loan. We'll be on the market in two years.

【白菜价格暴涨一棵30元？韩国人快腌不起泡菜了】在今年秋天的白菜收获季，韩国连遭台风袭击，导致白菜主产地的产量下滑，白菜批发和零售价格大幅上涨。目前正值腌制泡菜的季节，很多韩国主妇都表示腌不起泡菜。央视财经记者在韩国的超市里看到，白菜的零售价格同样暴涨。在首尔市中心的一家大型超市内，购买白菜的消费者并不是很多。一棵不到两公斤的白菜，价格是韩币5000韩元、相当于人民币30元，是去年这个时候价格的两倍。

In the current season, many Korean housewives say that they cannot pick up pickles. In South Korea’s supermarkets, the retail price of cabbage rose sharply. In a big supermarket in Seoul, not many consumers bought cabbage. A piece of cabbage with less than two kilos of cabbage at a price of 5,000 won, equivalent to 30 won, was twice the price at that time last year.

神评论：和国内的猪肉影响相比不值得一提!

God's comment: It's not worth mentioning compared to the effects of pork in the country.

(责任编辑：马金露HF120)

(Responsible Editor: HF120, Maginulu)

来源: 和讯网

Source: and Internet

房子是产品，是一款系统化，产业化，生态化的金融产品。

The

house is a product, a structured, industrialized and eco-friendly financial product.

比特币是一款数字化有价符号！！！

Bitcoin is a digitized symbol!

一套房有一个本，一个比特币可以无限分割。

A house has a book and a bitcoin can be divided indefinitely.

二者唯一的关联是价格，只要你有足够多的比特币，比如一百个。那三四线城市买套别墅或者大平层，可以很宽阔。

The only connection is the price, if you have enough bitcoin, like a hundred. The three-to-four-line city buys a villa or a large flat, it can be very wide.

从这个角度看，房产也可以数字化，比特币化。

From this perspective, properties can also be digitized, bitcoinized.

换言之，数字化后的房子也可以做到模块化分割购买和使用。那数字化的比特币也就具有了实用性。所以说有价格的东西在交易的过程中流通，能够实现浮动的对等

In other words, a digitalized house can be modularized for purchase and use. The digital bitcoin is practical. So what you say is priced is moving in the course of a transaction, and it allows for floating reciprocity.

据外媒获得的一份美国法庭文件显示，蒙哥马利县的警方在跟踪调查一起盗窃案（涉及两台失踪的笔记本电脑以及一条金项链）后，涉案男子供认称，自己曾偷窃过价值数千万美元的比特币。

According to a United States court document obtained by the foreign media, the police in Montgomery County, after following up on a theft case involving two missing laptops and a gold necklace, confessed that they had stolen tens of millions of dollars in bitcoin.

文件表示，Theodore Price of Hatfield，这名男子在遭到国土安全探员的调查后，便供认称其利用编写的钓鱼软件偷走了价值4000万－5000万美元的比特币。

According to the document, Theodore Price of Hatfield, a man who had been investigated by Homeland Security agents, confessed that he had stolen between $40 million and $50 million in bitcoin using the developed fishing software.

上周，当警察上门调查他时，他承认自己准备用假护照包机逃往伦敦。

Last week, when the police came to investigate him, he admitted that he was prepared to flee to London using a plane chartered with a false passport.

Price，31岁，其被指控犯有身份盗窃及接入设备欺诈罪。美国国土安全局称在他的身上发现了被盗的个人信息及信用卡号码。

Price, 31 years old, was charged with identity theft and fraud of access equipment. US Homeland Security claimed to have found stolen personal information and credit card numbers on him.

根据记录表示，Price告诉探员他是用比特币在“暗网市场”上购得的这些信用卡信息。

According to the records, Price told the agent that he had purchased these credit card information in bitcoin on the “blacknet market”.

如果Price所供认的罪行得到确认，这将列入目前为止的5大数字货币盗窃案之列，康奈尔大学计算机科学教授Emin Gun Sirer表示。

If Price's confession was confirmed, it would be included in the five major cases of digital currency theft to date, as indicated by Emin Gun Sirer, Professor of Computer Science, Cornell University.

“这是有趣的，” Sirer说，他指出数字货币是黑客们最为喜欢的目标，因为它们是有价值的，但安全性却相对较弱，并且数字货币不受管制，因此不存在权力机构能够反转欺诈性交易。

“This is interesting,” Sirer said, pointing out that digital currency was the most preferred target for hackers because they were valuable but relatively less secure, and that digital money was unregulated, so that there was no authority that could reverse fraudulent transactions.

比特币盗窃案例并不鲜见，Sirer表示，最大的一起案件发生在2014年，当时日本比特币交易所Mt. Gox的首席执行官称该平台被盗走85万比特币（截至发稿时，价值约合20亿美元）。

Bitcoin theft cases are not uncommon, Sirer states that the largest case occurred in 2014, when the CEO of the Bitcoin Exchange, Mt. Gox, Japan, claimed that the platform had been stolen 850,000 bitcoins (valued at approximately $2 billion at the time of the submission).

根据法庭文件记录，当局在调查一起盗窃事件后， Price便供认了自己的罪行。“这是首个比特币被盗事件背后的黑客被找到的例子，”Sirer说。

According to court documents, Price confessed to his crime after investigating a theft. “This is an example of the hacker found behind the first bitcoin theft,” Sirer said.

比特币是一种数字货币，没有任何政府为其背书，但它可用于兑换美元或其他法币。而要拥有比特币，用户必须要掌握两种字符串，一个是识别个人的公钥地址，另一个则是签名所需的私钥。

Bitcoin is a digital currency for which no government has endorsed it, but it can be used to exchange United States dollars or other French currency. To have bitcoin, the user must have two strings, one identifying the individual’s public key address and the other the private key required for the signature.

法庭记录显示，Price向一名国土安全探员坦白，他编写了一种钓鱼软件，然后他在特定的互联网论坛上发布了这种软件，并将其注入到电子邮件当中（邮件钓鱼）。如果比特币使用者下载了这种软件，当他们在进行交易时，这种软件就会把用户的钱包替换成Price的钱包。

Court records show that Price confessed to a Homeland Security agent that he had developed a fishing software, which he then released in a specific Internet forum and injected into e-mail (mail fishing). If Bitcoin users downloaded the software, when they were trading, the software would replace the user's wallet with Price's wallet.

Price告诉探员，他的其中一个比特币钱包当中包含了价值3400万美元的比特币，他打算洗完币后进行消费。 Price还提到，他拥有的其他比特币钱包，包含着价值数千至数百万美元的比特币。

Price told the agent that one of his bitcoins contained $34 million worth of bitcoins and that he intended to wash the coins and then consume them. Price also mentioned that he had other bitcoins containing tens of millions of dollars worth of bitcoins.

在上周提交的一份法庭文件，指控Price未经授权进入他人计算机，并窃走价值4000万－5000万美元的比特币。

In a court document submitted last week, Price was accused of unauthorized access to another person's computer and of stealing the $40 million-$50 million bitcoin.

指控称，在一对荷兰镇（Holland Township）的夫妇度假归来后，发现自己的两台笔记本电脑及一条金项链从家中不翼而飞后，这对夫妇的女儿（也就是Price的女友）便怀疑到了Price的头上，因为他可以访问她父母的家，但Price否认自己偷走了这些东西。

It is alleged that, after a couple of Holland Townships returned from their vacation and discovered that two of their laptops and a gold necklace were flying away from their homes, the couple's daughter, Price's girlfriend, suspected him of having reached Price's head because he could visit her parents'home, but Price denied that she had stolen them.

之后，Price的女友得知，Price在盗走她父亲的笔记本电脑后，便以150美元的价格卖给了一家电脑店，此外，她还在Price家中找到了她父母的笔记本电脑包，然后她就报了警。根据控诉，警方在之后寻回了被盗的电脑，以及Price从女友那盗走的信用卡，此外还包括Price供认的从暗网上购得的信用卡信息。

After that, Price’s girlfriend learned that Price had sold her father’s laptop to a computer shop for $150 after he stole it. In addition, she found her parents’ laptop bag at Price’s house, and then she called the police. According to the complaint, the police later recovered the stolen computer, along with Price’s credit card stolen from her girlfriend, and also included Price’s confessed credit card information obtained from the dark web.

控诉文件中还提到，警方还查到Price典当了女友租给他的另一台笔记本电脑以及女友母亲的金项链。

It was also mentioned in the complaint document that the police had found out that Price had become another laptop rented to his girlfriend, as well as the gold necklace of his girlfriend's mother.

读者可能会好奇，Price既然掌握着价值数千万美元的比特币，为何他要去盗窃一些并不值钱的东西？

Readers may wonder why Price, who has tens of millions of dollars worth of bitcoins, is going to steal something of little value.

康奈尔大学教授Sirer给出了他的看法，他表示，比特币的账本是公开的，想要花取盗来的资金而不被发现几乎是不可能的。大多数黑客会使用“混币”的方式来洗白偷来的资金，但控诉文件中提到说Price 并没有机会去做这件事。

Professor Sirer at Cornell University gave his opinion that Bitcoin’s books were public and that it was almost impossible to spend the stolen money without being discovered. Most hackers would use a “mixed currency” to launder the stolen money, but the complaint document mentions that Price did not have the opportunity to do so.

“有人偷走价值4000万美元的比特币是完全有可能的，但他可能无法去花取它们，” Sirer说。

“Someone stole $40 million worth of bitcoin is perfectly possible, but he may not be able to spend it,” Sirer said.

比特币对大家来说，应该是最熟悉的陌生人了，现在几乎人人都知道比特币可以买东西、可以投机买卖赚差价，但是究竟比特币是什么，像人民币一样上面印了一位伟人头像，还是像钢镚一样是圆形的金属？恐怕大多数人就不知道了。下面给大家用最简单的语言撩开比特币的面纱。

Bitcoin is supposed to be the most familiar stranger to you, and almost everyone now knows what bitcoin can buy, and can make a price difference, but what bitcoin is, like the renminbi, with a great head on it, or a round metal like a steel twig? Most people don't know. Here you can open the bitcoin veil in the simplest language.

一位化名为中本聪的人在互联网上一个讨论信息加密的邮件组中发表了一篇名为《比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统》的论文，提出了一种完全通过点对点技术实现的电子现金系统，这便是比特币的起点了。根据中本聪的论文，一个实现系统也被开源到了网上，引起大众的兴趣，通过这个系统就可以获取到比特币，那么比特币是如何产生的呢？ 首先，你要把中本聪所论述的这套系统理解为一个公共的记账系统，每个人都有一个钱包，每个钱包都有一个唯一性的编码，和咱们用的银行卡都有一个银行卡号码一样，这个钱包的号码比较长，我随便找了一个给大家看一下：

A person named Bennett published a paper called Bitcoin: A Point-to-Point Electronic Cash System on the Internet, presenting an electronic cash system that was fully achieved through point-to-point technology, which is the starting point for Bitcoin. According to the paper, a system of realization was also opened to the Internet, which attracted public interest, so that bitcoin could be accessed through this system. First, you have to understand the system that Bintco is talking about as a public accounting system, with each wallet having a wallet, a single code, and a bank card number that we use, and the wallet number is longer.

1FA97cbd8EbFFRKnvkFfPQ4Z5C8V

通过这个账户大家相互之间就可以转账了，并且大家手里每人还都有一个账本，账本上记录了所有参与此记账系统的用户的交易记录，比如张三给李四转了0.1比特币，那么系统机会记录下来这么一笔交易记录：某年某月某日某事某分某秒张三给李四转了0.1比特币，当然不会用汉语，会转换成0和1组成的字符串。然后这笔交易记录需要有人出面确认说这笔交易是存在的，而且是合法的，然后再广播给所有人，让所有人把这笔记录都记在个人的账本上，那么怎么来确认这笔交易的存在性呢？按照中本聪的论文，他是在原有的交易记录的基础上，记上这笔交易，然后再生成一个随机数，然后再通过一个叫做哈希算法的东西，生成一串新的字符串，这个过程是不可逆的。然后所有的用户都有机会拿到这个字符串，然后不断的去生成新的随机数，用特定的算法去计算一串新的字符串，直到这串字符串前面连续出现规定个数的“0”，就证明验证成功了。

This account allows transfers to be made between people, and everyone has a book in their possession, which records the transactions of all the users involved in the accounting system, such as Li's 0.1 bitcoin, so how does the system have the opportunity to record the existence of the transaction? According to a single-month account, he returns 0.1 bitcoin to Lee for a second, and then produces a random number, then produces a new string through something called Hashi's algorithm, which is irreversible. Then all users have the opportunity to get the string, and then continue to create a new random number, using a particular algorithm to calculate a new string until it is proved to be successful.”

这个过程比较像是一个生物问题，通常来说家里的小狗如果恰好是散养的又恰好是母狗，那么当你有一天看到它升了一窝小狗的时候，你很容易判定它们的母亲是谁，但是你却很难确定它们的父亲是谁，如果你非要知道它们的父亲是谁，唯一的办法是将这只小母狗所能到的地域的所有的公狗都找到，并和刚出生的这窝小狗一一做DNA检测，知道你找到了它们生物学上的父亲。为了激发大家去找狗的积极性，就要给大家一定的奖励，那就是比特币，如果你成功的为一窝小狗找到了它们的父亲，则奖励给你一定数目的比特币。所有用户在找狗这件事情上都是公平的，都可以去找，这个找狗的过程就叫做挖矿。当然，狗的数量不会是无限多的，大概每10分钟会出现这么一窝狗，这个时间是人为定的，为的是控制区块链被挖出来的时间，比特币最终数量会维持在2100万个，这个数字是怎么出来的呢？

This process is more like a biological problem, and it's usually the case that the dog in the family, if it's a stray and a bitch, you can easily determine who their mother is when you see it one day, but it's hard to determine who their father is. If you don't have to know who their father is, the only way to find all the male dogs in the area that this little dog can reach is to find them, and to run a DNA test with the newly born puppy, you know that you find their biological father. In order to motivate people to look for a dog, that's a bitcoin. If you succeed in finding their father for a small dog, you get a certain number of bitcoins.

按照约定，比特币最初前4年是每10分钟被确定一窝狗之后会奖励给狗找到父亲的人奖励给50个比特币，实际上也就是每生成一个区块奖励50BTC，而为了控制总体的数量，每过4年奖励会减半。当然，实际上4年并不是精确的，正确的说法是挖出210000个区块后产量减半，而每10分钟产生一个区块，210000个区块大约生产的时间是差不多4年的时间，那么当2140年最后一个区块产生出最后0.00000001BTC时，总量就是：

It was agreed that the first four years of Bitcoin would reward the dog for 50 bitcoins for finding his father every 10 minutes after being identified, which would actually be 50 bitcoins for every block created, and that the reward would be halved for every four years to control the overall number. Of course, four years were not accurate, and the correct argument was to cut production by half after 210,000 blocks had been dug, while one block every 10 minutes had been created, and 210,000 blocks had been produced for approximately four years, so when the last block in 2140 produced the final 0.000001 BTC, the sum would be:

210000*50 + 210000*25 + 210000*12.5 +……

不难为大家了，直接给级数求和结果：

It's easy for all of us to come to terms with grade numbers:

210000*50*2=2100 万个

210,000 * 50 * 2 = 21 million

那么2140年这个数字又是怎么定的呢？

So what's the figure for 2140?

按照上述比特币奖励的算法：

According to the above-mentioned Bitcoin incentive algorithm:

50/(2^n)=0.00000001

因为这个时候再奖励也越来越少，可以认为是奖励趋近于0，即比特币被挖完。

Since there are fewer and fewer incentives at this time, it can be considered that the incentives are closer to zero, i.e. that bitcoin has been dug out.

这个等式中的n约等于32.22，再根据每4年收益减半：

The n in this equation equals approximately 32.22, which is then reduced by half every four years:

32.22*4=128.88年

32.22*4 = 128.88

那么2009+128.88=2137.88 由于比特币的挖矿速度不是绝对精确的，这里也仅仅是粗略计算，实际情况可能会延后，所以比特币全部挖完的时间大约在2140年。既然挖矿是人人平等的，那么是不是意味着人人获得比特币的机会都是均等的呢并不是。依然以找狗为例，别说全世界的狗了，就算是一个市的狗也够你找几年了，况且和你竞争的人不是和你一样大海捞针地走着找，这帮人花钱雇佣了大批量的人去找，你怎么和他们比？更极端的情况是你费劲巴拉地找，结果还没验证完两只，人家已经发动所有的人力、兽医把剩下的所有狗都验证完了，你觉得谁能成功的概率大？

So, 2009+128.88 = 2137.88 Since bitcoin's mining speed is not absolutely accurate, and this is just a rough calculation, and the reality is likely to be delayed, the entire amount of bitcoin's digging is about 2140. Since mining is equal to everyone, does it mean that everyone has equal access to bitcoin? No. Still, for example, finding dogs around the world, even a city dog is enough for a few years, and even if you're not the same person you're in competition with, how can you compare them with the people you've paid a large number of people to find them?

所以现在对于个人来讲，用家庭电脑和那些在长江边上租房子买地建水冷机房用专门挖矿用的刀片服务器来挖矿的这些职业矿工比，真的无异于大海捞针，而且有时候还会因为个人电脑负载过重而导致被烧坏。

So, for individuals, it is true that these professional miners, who use their home computers and those who rent houses on the Yangtze River to buy land for water coolers and blade servers dedicated to mine mining, are the same as those who search for needles in the ocean and sometimes burn them because their personal computers are overloaded with heavy loads.

如果大家对矿机有需求，或者跟挖矿有关的问题都可以来私信我。

You can trust me if you have a need for a miner or if you have a problem with mining.

律动 BlockBeats 消息，根据 U.S. National Debt Clock 的统计数据显示，美国总债务首次突破 26 万亿美元关口，相当于 26.5 亿枚比特币，远超比特币的总量上限。据报道，美国 M2 货币供应量达到创纪录的 18.115 万亿美元，而美联储的资产负债表已经超过了 7 万亿美元。

Action BlockBeats, according to U.S. National Debt Clock statistics, shows that for the first time, the total debt of the United States has broken the $26 trillion mark, equivalent to 26.50 billion bitcoins, well above its total cap. U.S. M2 money supply is reported to have reached a record $1.8115 trillion, while the Fed's balance sheet has exceeded $7 trillion.

几周前，比特币的第三次减半事件使得通货膨胀率降至 1.8%。而 M2 的增长显示了比特币在货币供应量方面与法定货币的相反轨迹。

A few weeks ago, the third halving of Bitcoin brought inflation down to 1.8 per cent, while M2 growth showed the opposite trajectory of bitcoin vis-à-vis the legal currency in terms of money supply.

摘要： 少量的比特币敞口可能是有益的

Summary

: Small bitcoin exposure may be useful

导

Introduction

全球最大的养老基金在2020年第一季度亏损1650亿美元，相当于比特币的整个市值。

The largest pension fund in the world lost $165.0 billion in the first quarter of 2020, equivalent to the full market value of Bitcoin.

文：Michael Kapilkov

Photo by Michael Kapilkov, copyright Demotix (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0).

编译：Zion 责编：Rose

== sync, corrected by elderman == @elder_man

2020年第一季度，全球最大的养老金基金损失了1,647亿美元。这相当于比特币（BTC）的整个市值。

In the first quarter of 2020, the largest pension fund in the world lost $164.7 billion. This is equivalent to the entire market value of Bitcoin.

比特币的表现也好不到哪里去

Bitcoin didn't do much better either.

日本的政府养老金投资基金（GPIF）的价值下跌近11％，至150.63万亿日元（1.4万亿美元）。这是该基金自2008年以来最大的季度跌幅。

The value of the Japanese Government's Pension Investment Fund (GPIF) fell by almost 11 per cent to 15,063 trillion yen (US$ 1.4 trillion), the largest quarterly decline since 2008.

道琼斯＆比特币 来源：雅虎财经

Dow Jones Bitcoin Source: Yahoo Finance

GPIF并非唯一表现不佳的，道琼斯等主要股指都出现了负增长。有趣的是，比特币的表现几乎相同，从1月1日到3月31日，比特币的价格下跌了大约11％。

The GPIF is not the only one that has performed poorly, with key stockholders like Dow Jones showing negative growth. Interestingly, Bitcoin performed almost the same way, with prices falling by about 11 per cent between 1 January and 31 March.

因此，在这种情况下，比特币的支持者无法捍卫比特币的安全港地位。另一方面，如果GPIF在第一季度初仅将其管理资产的0.1％（15亿美元）投资于比特币，那么这将给市场带来极大的买压。可能的结果是比特币大涨，而养老基金投资组合中加密货币部分获得正回报。

In this case, therefore, Bitcoin’s supporters cannot defend Bitcoin’s safe harbour status. On the other hand, if the GPIF invests only 0.1% of its managed assets ($1.5 billion) in Bitcoin at the beginning of the first quarter, this will put a huge strain on the market.

少量的比特币敞口可能是有益的

A small bit of bitcoin exposure might be useful.

然而，这是一种极不可能发生的情况。养老基金自然是最保守的投资者。在短时间内购买价值15亿美元的比特币（约208,000个比特币）几乎是不可能完成的任务。

The pension fund is naturally the most conservative investor. The purchase of $1.5 billion in bitcoins (about 208,000 bitcoins) in a short period of time is almost impossible.

灰度的GBTC基金目前持有386,659个比特币。

The Greyscale GBTC Fund currently holds 386,659 Bitcoins.

作者：Cointelegraph中文；来自链得得内容开放平台“得得号”，本文仅代表作者观点，不代表链得得官方立场凡“得得号”文章，原创性和内容的真实性由投稿人保证，如果稿件因抄袭、作假等行为导致的法律后果，由投稿人本人负责得得号平台发布文章，如有侵权、违规及其他不当言论内容，请广大读者监督，一经证实，平台会立即下线。如遇文章内容问题，请发送至邮箱：linggeqi@chaindd.com

Author: Cointelegraph Chinese; “Advanced” from the Open-Containing Content Platform. This paper only represents the author's view. It does not mean that the chain has an official position on a “Advanced” article. The originality and authenticity of the content are assured by the contributor. If the text is a legal consequence of copying, forgery, etc., it is the author himself who is responsible for the publication of the article, under the supervision of a wide audience, if there are violations, irregularities and other inappropriate statements, the platform will be downline as soon as it is confirmed. If there is a problem with the content of the article, send it to the postbox: linggeqi@chaind.com.

区块链火了, 但别被这些传言“烧”糊涂

The chain of blocks is on fire, but don't be confused by these rumors.

比特币的造富神话带火了一个烧脑的技术——区块链,一个最高价可飙升到19850美元(2017年12月)的虚拟货币自顾自地形成了火热的币圈。更有浑水摸鱼者打着区块链的幌子,写一份白皮书,发行一套代币,再让媒体造势拉盘,交易所里挂几天就能集资千万元。

Bitcoin’s myths of wealth are burning a brain-burning technology – a block chain with a virtual currency whose highest price could jump to 19850 (December 2017) to form a hot circle of currency itself. More scavengers use the guise of block chains to write a white paper, issue a set of tokens, and give the media a plaque, and the exchange can raise millions of dollars in a few days.

2018年以来,各国金融体系对各类代币发行融资活动叫停或抵制,区块链技术随之遇冷。时隔一年,区块链又火了,带火的不止于币圈,还有区块链在各个行业的应用。近日,有媒体报道,区块链热潮下仍存在币圈乱象,叫嚣“双11”可暴富100倍的操作,其实是非法集资。

Since 2018, countries’ financial systems have stopped or resisted the financing of various forms of currency issuances, resulting in a chilling of block-chain technology. In a year’s time, the block chain has caught fire, not only in the currency ring, but also in the use of the block-chain in various industries.

区块链火了,随之而来的还有关于它的各种传言。

Blocks are on fire, followed by rumours about it.

区块链等于比特币?

The chain of blocks equals bitcoin?

比特币与区块链,更像是鸡与蛋的关系

Bitcoin and block chains, more like a chicken-egg relationship.

2008年11月1日,一个帖子出现在一封密码学邮件列表中:“我正在开发一种新的电子现金系统,采用完全点对点的形式,而且无需任何第三方的介入。”署名为中本聪。

On 1 November 2008, a post appeared in a cryptographic mailing list: “I am developing a new electronic cash system in the form of a full point-to-point format, without the need for any third party to intervene.” It is signed as a medium-to-hear.

随之而来的是区块链里的第一个区块,被称为创世区块。除了创世区块拥有一个唯一的ID号外,每个后续建立的区块均包含两个ID号,一个是该区块自身的ID号,另一个是前序区块的ID号。

Then comes the first block in the block chain, called the original block. In addition to the original block, which has a unique ID number, each of the following blocks consists of two IDs, one of the block's own IDs, and the other of the previous block IDs.

可以说,比特币是区块链技术的第一个应用,区块链技术也是由比特币推导而来,但两者并不相等。换句话说,比特币与区块链更像是鸡与蛋的关系,先有鸡还是先有蛋很难说清,可以确定的是从比特币中孕育而来的区块链技术,在发展过程中有了很多形式上的转变,且根据应用领域不同有所创新。

It can be said that bitcoin is the first application of block chain technology, which is also derived from bitcoin, but not the same. In other words, bitcoin is more like a chicken-egg relationship.

“比特币是区块链公链的代表应用,是一个全世界任何人都可以随时进入到系统中读取数据、发送可确认交易、竞争记账的区块链。”北京思源政通科技集团技术负责人陈善华介绍,以太坊和超级账本等把智能合约引入到区块链里面,通过合约的方式,来规定我跟你之间的交易行为,可以说智能合约打开了区块链世界应用的新领域。并且平台对底层协议的封装,提供了完整的开发说明,这降低了区块技术的应用门槛,促进了区块链技术在各个行业的应用。

“Bitcoin is a representative application of the block chain, a block chain in which anyone in the world can access the system at any time to access data, send confirmation transactions and compete for bookkeeping.” Chen Seonhua, Technical Director of the Political Science and Technology Group of Beijing, introduced smart contracts into the block chain, such as the Taiku and superbooks, to regulate my dealings with you by means of contracts, it can be said that smart contracts open up new areas of worldwide application of the block chain. And the platform’s encapsulation of the bottom protocol provides a complete description of the development, which reduces the application threshold of block technology and promotes the application of block chain technology in various industries.

区块链就是一条链?

A block chain is a chain?

有多种变化形式,链内可形成跨链机制

There are many forms of change that can form a cross-chain mechanism within the chain.

如果互联网不仅仅是一张网,那么区块链必然不只是一条链。

If the Internet is not just a network, then the block chain must be more than a chain.

区块链内可形成跨链机制,并正在逐步趋向成熟和可应用化。跨链简单来说就是信息从一条链到另外一条链,有点像信息从一个内网到另一个内网。

The chain of blocks can form a cross-chain mechanism and is gradually becoming mature and applicable. The cross-chain is simply information from one chain to another, sort of like information from one intranet to another.

一个分布式应用的不同模块可能部署在不同链上,那它怎么调用其他链上的模块、不同的模块之间怎么交互?陈善华解释,例如:在政务领域,可通过建设目录链、证照链、事项链等账本将数据进行隔离,将公开数据和隐私数据进行隔离,进而保证数据的保护。

Different modules of a distributed application may be deployed in different chains, so how can they be called on other chains and interact with different modules? Chen Seon-hwa explained, for example, that in the area of government, data can be isolated by building a catalogue, a chain of identification, a chain of events, etc., which separates open data and privacy data, thereby ensuring data protection.

从比特币到以太坊,再到超级账本,从公链到联盟链到私链,不同的维度看过去,区块链有多种变化形式,而随着在多个领域的落地应用,区块链将越来越成为行业中使用的重要基础架构,远远超出加密货币和金融服务领域。

From Bitcoin to Etheria, to superbooks, from public to union to private chains, with different dimensions, the blocks chain has changed in a variety of ways, and as it is applied in multiple areas, the blocks chain will increasingly become an important infrastructure for use in the industry, well beyond the area of encrypted money and financial services.

区块链会曝光隐私数据?

The chain of blocks exposes privacy data?

使用组合加密技术,目前尚未被破解

Use of combination encryption technology, so far uncrypted

“在区块链上‘跑’的数据都是通过加密之后才上链的,因此不会造成隐私数据的泄露。”陈善华介绍,区块链和非对称加密算法的结合使用,基于区块链匿名性等能力,在区块链上对数据的所有权和使用权得到进一步维护。用户可将自己私密信息使用个人公钥加密,私钥用户个人拥有,加密信息只有用户本人能解开,数据共享传输时用户双方采用对方的公钥加密,实现点对点的数据传输共享安全。在算法选择上区块链通常使用国际标准的ECC和我国标准的SM2,从理论上讲,解密这件事情本身非常困难,几乎无法做到,况且区块链采用一人一密,数据泄露和被破解风险更小。

"The `run' data in the block chain is not leaking privacy data because they are not linked through encryption." Chen Xinhua described that the combination of block and non-symmetric encryption algorithms, based on the ability, inter alia, on the anonymity of the block chain, provides further maintenance of ownership and access to data in the block chain. Users can use personal public key encryption for their own intimate information, private key user ownership, encryption only by the user, the sharing of data between users using the other's public key encryption for data sharing, and the sharing of point-to-point data security. The upper block chain is usually selected using international standards, ECC and our standard SM2, which in theory is very difficult to decipher.

有报道称,比特币自诞生以来,区块链本身携带的信息从未被黑客截取,所产生的问题均为交易所等外援问题。事实上,区块链技术的安全性问题,在于它的开源代码中也可能存在不曾被发现的漏洞,进而被黑客利用。

It has been reported that since the birth of Bitcoin, the information contained in the block chain itself has never been intercepted by hackers, causing problems such as foreign aid issues, such as exchanges. Indeed, the security of block chain technology can also be exploited by hackers because of undetected loopholes in its open source code.

黑客对区块链技术的攻击可发生在应用层、合约层、激励层、数据层等6个不同层面。360安全团队曾对某公链和交易所进行了安全测试,团队发现42个漏洞,其中可影响到用户账户安全的高危漏洞29个。360集团信息安全部王伟波表示,“通过分析一些安全事件,以区块链攻击为切入点,深入分析黑客的攻击手法,可针对不同的攻击,做好安全防护。”

The hacking of block chain technology can take place at six different levels: the application, contract, incentive, and data layers. 360 security teams have conducted security tests on a public chain and exchange, and the team has discovered 42 holes, 29 of which can affect the security of user accounts. 360 information security department Wang Weibo states that “by analysing some security incidents, using block chain attacks as an entry point, an in-depth analysis of hackers' methods of attack can provide security protection against different attacks.”

区块链的信息都是正确的?

All the information on the block chain is correct?

保障链上数据真实,还需配套制度

The data on the chain are real and there's a need for an accompanying system.

区块链是不可篡改的。如果有人动了某一个节点里面的数据(比如张三本来是转给李四1个比特币,变成了张三给李四2个),那时间戳不对了,这个节点就不再是原来的节点了,就会被识别出来。区块链网络里面还有大量的副本,发现假的数据就会修复,因此在区块链上的所有信息都无法篡改。

The chain of blocks cannot be tampered with. If someone moves the data in one node (such as Zhang San was transferred to Li 4 1 bitcoin and turned to Li 42), the time stamp is wrong, the node is no longer the original node, and it will be identified. There are plenty of copies in the network of blocks, and the false data will be recovered, so that all the information on the node cannot be tampered with.

但不可篡改是不是意味着信息都正确呢?区块链只能就虚拟世界的信息加以约束,却对上链的现实数据的真伪无法干预。中国信息通信研究院云计算与大数据研究所副所长魏凯表示,区块链的链上数据与现实数据衔接是一个突出的问题。每个行业使用区块链时都有自己的痛点,例如溯源行业,如何确保上链的数据与追溯的产品一一对应,而不会被“掉包”?

Can't it be tampered with? Block chains can only bind information about the virtual world, but they can't interfere with the authenticity of real data on the upper chain.

写到链上的信息是不是真实的,是否能够准确反映现实,这是区块链技术解决不了的,必须依靠链外的手段保障。魏凯认为,保障区块链上的数据真实性,还需要配套制度的建设。

Whether the information on the chain is real or not and whether it accurately reflects reality cannot be solved by block chain technology, which must be secured by means outside the chain. Wei Kai argues that ensuring the authenticity of data on the chain of blocks requires the building of an accompanying system.

区块链能彻底消除欺诈活动?

Does the block chain eliminate fraudulent activities?

“空气币”一直存在,技术手段难破人性问题

The “air coin” has always existed, and the technical means are difficult to solve human problems.

近日,一篇题为《叫嚣“双11”暴富100倍 区块链热潮下币圈乱象调查》的报道对卷土重来的“空气币”做了调查:以Biki虚拟货币交易所为例,其靠着类似拼多多的模式,疯狂上线“空气币”和“拉人头”,专注下沉市场,上线各种虚拟币逾150种。Biki的上币项目基本都是无底层技术团队、无实际价值的“空气币”,所谓的白皮书更是漏洞百出。但想一夜暴富的人太多了——“我们也知道可能被骗,但是就是抱着谁跑得快的心理,说不定能赚一波。”

In recent days, a report entitled “Survey of the “Birth 11” is 100-fold rich,” which investigates the “air money” that reappears: in the case of the Biki Virtual Currency Exchange, which is based on a similar multi-faceted pattern, has gone madly on “air coins” and “pushing heads”, focusing on the sunk market, and has over 150 virtual coins of all kinds. Biki’s upper currency projects are mostly bottomless technical teams, “air coins” of no real value, and so-called white papers are flawed. But too many people want to be rich overnight -- “We also know who's running fast, and may be able to make a wave of money.”

靠技术难以解决人性问题,欺诈活动是否消失取决于人们的贪欲是否得到合理控制。虚拟货币的出现反而使得犯罪活动有了新的渠道,转入更加难以察觉和管控的领域。

Technology makes it difficult to solve human problems, and the disappearance of fraudulent activities depends on whether people’s greed is reasonably controlled. The emergence of virtual money has instead created new avenues for criminal activity, moving into areas that are more difficult to detect and control.

2018年4月,曾发生过一行代码蒸发64亿人民币的币圈事件,仅仅因为黑客找到了一个代码漏洞,与之相关的区块链产品的全部市值瞬间被全部转出,趋近于零。

In April 2018, there was a currency ring in which a line of codes evaporated by 6.4 billion yuan, merely because hackers had found a code gap in which the entire market value of the related block chain products had been transferred out overnight, close to zero.

除了经济利益被盗,利用比特币支付、洗钱等渠道和手法也变化多端。“比特币(目前黑市承认的加密数字货币大多为比特币)的参与,使得警方以追寻资金链条为手段的破案方法可能就要失效了。”山东警察学院张璇曾表示,在工作中,深感案子不好查了,追查罪犯的难度大大增加。

In addition to the theft of economic benefits, the use of channels and techniques such as Bitcoin payments, money-laundering, etc., has also changed. “The involvement of Bitcoin, which is now recognized by the black market as being mostly bitcoin, may render the police’s method of resolving cases by tracing the money chain ineffective.” Zhang Xuan of the Shandong Police Academy has stated that, in the course of his work, there is a deep sense that the investigation of the case is difficult and that the tracking of criminals is much more difficult.

来源：科技日报

Source: Science and Technology Daily.