将安全性共识延伸
extends the security consensus to
区块链世界发展至今最有价值的公链必然是比特币与以太坊，其多年沉淀而来的安全性、去中心化程度、价值共识，都是保证两者能常年屹立于公链山巅的关键内核。亦是其余异构链最难复制的稀缺特性，而模块化思想的核心便是将这些特性“租”给需求者。在现阶段的模块化思路中，主要分为两种派系：
The most valuable public chains in the development of the block chain to date must be Bitcoin and Ether, whose security, decentralisation, and value consensus, which have been deposited for many years, are the key inner cores that guarantee that the two will be permanently established at the top of the public chain. They are also the rare features of the remaining isomeral chains that are most difficult to replicate, and the core of the modularization idea is to “rent” these characteristics to those who need them. In the modular approach at this stage, there are two main factions:
- 第一种，具有足够安全性的 Layer 1 （通常是以太坊）作为 Rollups 的下三层或部分功能层，这种方案具备最高安全性、正统性，也可吸纳主链生态中的资源。但对于特定的 Rollup（应用链、长尾链等）来说吞吐量及成本不是特别友好；
- 第二种，即再造一个与比特币、以太坊安全性接近且成本性能更优的存在，比如我们熟知的 Celestia 就是通过纯 DA 功能架构、最大程度降低节点硬件要求、低 gas 成本等，删繁就简的方式，以求在最短的时间内创造一个足够媲美以太坊安全性与去中心化且性能强劲的 DA 层。该方案的劣势在于安全性与去中心化程度还需要一定时间补全，且缺乏正统性并与以太坊构成明面上的竞争关系，被以太坊社区排斥。
而这个派系中的另一类则是 Babylon 与 Eigenlayer，通过 POS（即 Proof-of-Stake，权益证明）的核心思路，借用比特币或以太坊的资产价值来创造共享安全性服务。相比于前两者来说是一个偏中性的存在。其优势在于继承正统性与安全性的同时，又赋予了主链资产更多利用价值，且更为灵活。
The other group in this faction is Babylon and Eigenlayer, using the core of POS (i.e. Proof-of-Stake, proof of rights) to create shared security services by using bitcoin or the value of the community’s assets. This is a neutral presence compared to the former. Its advantage is to inherit orthodoxy and security while giving more value and flexibility to the main chain of assets.
数字黄金的潜在可能
无论从那种共识机制的底层逻辑来说，区块链的安全性在很大程度上取决于它有多少资源的支撑。PoW 链需要大量硬件、电力，PoS 则依赖于质押资产的价值。比特币自身由极为庞大的 PoW 算力网络支撑，可以说是整个区块链中最为安全的存在。但作为一个流通市值 1.39 万亿美元，占据区块链半壁江山的公链，其资产作用仅仅只有转账与支付 Gas 两个主要使用场景。 Regardless of the underlying logic of the consensus mechanism, the security of the block chain depends to a large extent on how much of its resources support it. The PoW chain requires a lot of hardware, electricity, and PoS depend on the value of the pledged assets. Bitcoin itself, supported by a vast network of PoW algorithms, can be said to be the safest of the whole block chain. 而对于区块链的另外半壁江山来说，尤其是自以太坊上海升级转为 PoS 之后，可以说绝大部分公链都默认使用不同架构的 PoS 来完成共识。不过由于新异构链本身并不能吸引太大的资本质押，其安全性存在很大疑问。在当前的模块化时代，Cosmos zone 以及各种 Layer 2 虽然也可以使用各种 DA 层来弥补，却也损失了自主性。对于大部分 POS 机制的老公链或者联盟链来说使用以太坊或者 Celestia 充当 DA 也基本不可能，而 Babylon 的价值正是补全这部分空缺，将 BTC 质押来为 PoS 链提供保护。正如同人类过往用黄金来支撑纸钞的价值一样，BTC 在区块链世界中确实很适合扮演这个角色。 In the current modular era, Cosmos zone and various Layer 2 have lost their autonomy, although they can also use various DA layers. For most POS mechanisms, the use of Taipan or Celestia as DAs is largely impossible, and Babylon’s value is just to fill this gap, and BTC pledges to protect PS chains. Just as humans have used gold to support paper banknotes, BTC is well suited to play this role in the region’s chain world. 从 0 到 1 from 0 to 1 释放“数字黄金”一直是区块链中最宏大也最难达成的叙事，从早期的侧链、闪电网络、桥接包装代币到如今的符文与 BTC Layer 2 ，可以说无论那种方案都存在一定的固有缺陷。Babylon 如若要贯彻比特币的安全性，引入第三方信任假设的中心化方案自然是要首先排除的。而余下的方案中符文和闪电网络（受限于开发进展极为缓慢）当前基本仅有资产发行的能力，这也就意味着 Babylon 需要自己再设计一套“扩容方案”，让比特币原生质押从 0 到 1 。 The release of “digital gold” has been one of the most ambitious and difficult narratives in the block chain, from the early side chains, the lightning network, the bridge-packaging tokens to the present and BTC Layer 2, and it can be said that there are inherent flaws in any such scheme. Babylon’s approach to centralizing the assumption of third-party trust would naturally be the first to exclude. And the rest of the scheme’s chars and lightning network, which is limited to very slow development, is currently essentially the ability to issue only assets, which means that Babylon needs to re-design a “enhanced programme” of his own, allowing Bitcoin to be encumbered from 0 to 1. 拆解比特币现行可利用的一些基本元素其实无非如下几种： 1.UTXO 模型， 2.时间戳， 3.多种签名方式， 4.基本的操作码。Babylon 给出的解方是，基于比特币孱弱的可编程性和数据承载能力考虑。秉承最小化原则，在比特币上仅需完成质押合约所必要的功能，也就是说 BTC 质押、罚没、奖励、取回等都在主链中完成。在实现这个 0 到 1 后，复杂需求的部分再交给 Cosmos zone 处理。但此处依旧存有一个关键问题，如何将 PoS 链的数据记录至主链？ Some of the basic elements currently available to disassemble Bitcoin are simply the following: 1.UTXO model, 2. Time stamp, 3. Multiple forms of signature, 4. Basic code. Babylon gives the solution based on the weak programmable and data carrying capacity of Bitcoin. In keeping with the principle of minimization, only the functions necessary for a pledge contract in bitcoin, that is to say, BTC pledges, fines, rewards, take-backs, etc., are to be done in the main chain. Once this 0-1 has been achieved, the complex requirements are returned to Cosmos zone. But there is still a key question here as to how to record the data of the PS chain into the main chain. 远端质押（Remote Staking） Remote Staking UTXO（未花费的交易输出模型，Unspent Transaction Outputs），是中本聪为比特币设计的交易模型，其核心思路极为简洁。交易无非是资金的进与出，那么整个交易系统也仅需输入（Input）和输出（Output）这两种形式表达即可。所谓 UTXO 就是资金进来了，但花出去的资金并没有那么多时，余留下来的这部分即是未花费的交易输出（也就是未支付出去的比特币）。而比特币的整个账本实际上就是一个 UTXO 集合，通过记录每个 UTXO 的状态，管理比特币的所有权和流通，每次交易都会花费旧的 UTXO 并生成新的 UTXO。由于其属性具备一定潜在的可扩展的可能，自然也成为了许多原生扩容方案思路的起始点。比如利用 UTXO 和多签创建罚款机制与状态通道的闪电网络，又或者是绑定 UTXO 实现 SFT（半同质化代币，semi-fungible tokens）的铭文、符文等。都是基于这个关键的起始点，才能成为现实。 UTXO (unspent transactional output model, Unspent Transport Outputs) is a transaction model designed for Bitcoin in China, and its core approach is extremely simple. The transaction is simply an entry and exit of funds, so that the entire trading system can only enter (input) and output (output) in both forms. The so-called UTXO is the source of money, but not so much of the money spent is the opening point for many original expansionist ideas (i.e., unpayed bitcoins). For example, the entire account book of Bitcoin is a UTXO, by recording the state of each UTXO, managing the ownership and circulation of Bitcoin, and each transaction costs the old UTXO and generating a new UTO. Because of its properties, it has some potential for expansion, it naturally becomes the starting point for many original expansionist scheme ideas. 而 Babylon 自然也需要借助 UTXO 来实现质押合约（Babylon 称为远端质押，即 BTC 安全性通过中间层远端传递给 PoS 链），同时在思路上去巧妙的结合现有的操作码，其实现合约的具体步骤可拆解为如下四步： Babylon naturally also needs to use UTXO to fulfil the pledge contract (the remote pledge, known as Babylon, whereby BTC security is passed through the intermediate far end to the Pos chain), along with a clever combination of existing codes, which can be broken down into the following four steps: 有了原生质押合约后，自然需要思考外部链历史事件记录的问题。在中本聪的白皮书中，比特币区块链引入了一种由 PoW 支持的时间戳概念，这种机制为事件提供了不可逆的时间顺序。在比特币的原生使用场景中，这些事件指的是账本上执行的各种交易。如今，为了增强其他 PoS 链的安全性，比特币也可以用来对外部区块链上的事件进行时间戳标记。每次此类事件发生时，都会触发一笔发送给矿工的交易，矿工随后将其插入比特币账本，从而为事件添加时间戳。这些时间戳可以用于解决区块链的各种安全问题。在父链上为子链中的事件添加时间戳的一般概念称为“检查点”（checkpointing），而用于添加时间戳的交易则称为检查点交易（checkpoint transactions）。具体来说，比特币区块链中的时间戳有以下几个重要特点： With the original pledge contract, it is natural to think about the history of events in the external chain. In a white paper from China, the Bitcoin block chain introduces a time stamp concept supported by PoW, a mechanism that provides an irreversible chronological sequence of events. In Bitcoin's original use, these events refer to transactions carried out on the books. Now, in order to enhance the security of other PoS chains, Bitcoin can also be used to mark events in the external chain. Each such event triggers a transaction to the miners, which the miners then insert into the bitcoin account book, thereby adding a time stamp to the event. These time stampes can be used to resolve the various security issues in the chain. The general concept of time stamping on the parent chain for events in the subsystem is called “checkpoint” (checkpointing), while the transaction to add a time stamp is called a check point (checkpoint transactions). 时间戳服务器是由 Babylon 定义的一种新原语，可通过 PoS 区块通过 Babylon 检查点分配比特币时间戳，确保时间序列的准确性和防止篡改。该服务器在 Babylon 整个架构体系作为最上层，是信任需求的核心来源。 The time stamp server is a new original defined by Babylon, which distributes bitcoins of time through the PoS block through the Babylon checkpoint to ensure the accuracy of the time series and prevent tampering. The server is at the top of the Babylon architecture as a core source of trust demand. Babylon 的三层架构 Three-storey structure for Babylon 正如上图所示，Babylon 的整体架构可分为三层：比特币（作为时间戳服务器）、Babylon （一条 Cosmos Zone），作为中间层、PoS 链需求层。Babylon 将后两者分别称为 Control Plane（控制平面，即 Babylon 自身），Data Plane（数据需求平面，即各种 PoS 消费链）。 As shown in the figure above, the overall structure of Babylon can be divided into three layers: Bitcoin (as a time-stamp server), Babylon (a Cosmos Zone) as an intermediate layer, the PoS chain demand layer. Babylon calls the latter two respectively as Contractor Plane (control plane, Babylon itself), and Data Plane (data demand plane, various PS consumption chains). 在理解了协议去信任的基本实现方式后，我们再来看 Babylon 自身是如何利用 Cosmos zone 衔接两端的。依据斯坦福 Tse Lab 对于 Babylon 的详解「 1 」，Babylon 可接收来自多条 PoS 链的检查点流，并将这些检查点合并后发布到比特币。通过使用 Babylon 验证者的聚合签名，可以最小化检查点的大小，并且这些检查点的频率通过允许 Babylon 验证者在每个 Epoch（纪元）只更改一次来控制。 After understanding the basic ways of trusting the protocol, we look at how Babylon itself uses Cosmos zone to connect the two ends. According to Stanford Tse Lab’s detailed explanation of Babylon’s ‘1’, Babylon can receive check-point streams from multiple Poss chains and publish them in Bitcoin. By using the merged signatures of the Babylon Certator, the size of the check-point can be minimized, and the frequency of these check-points can be controlled by allowing Babylon Certators to change only once in each Epoch. 各个 PoS 链的验证者下载 Babylon 区块，观察其 PoS 检查点是否包含在比特币检查的 Babylon 区块中。这使 PoS 链能够检测到差异，例如，如果 Babylon 验证者创建了一个由比特币检查的不可用区块，并对不可用区块中包含的 PoS 检查点撒谎。构成协议的主要组成部分如下： Certifiers of each Pos chain download the Babylon block to see whether its Pos check point is included in the Babylon check block in Bitcoin. This allows the Pos chain to detect differences, for example, if the Babylon verifier creates an unusable block that is checked by Bitcoin and lies on the Pos check point that is not available. The main components of the agreement are as follows: BTC 中的 Eigenlayer Eigenlayer in BTC 从目的上看 Babylon 虽然与 Eigenlayer 并无二致，但 Babylon 绝不是简单 fork 的“Eigenlayer”。在当前 BTC 主链 DA 无法原生使用的情况下，Babylon 的存在很有意义。该协议除了将安全性带给外部 PoS 链，对于 BTC 生态内部的盘活也尤为重要。 From the point of view of purpose, Babylon is no different from Eigenlayer, but Babylon is by no means a simple fork “Eigenlayer.” The existence of Babylon is meaningful in the current situation where the BTC main chain DA cannot be used in its original form. In addition to bringing security to the external PS chain, the agreement is particularly important for the BTC ecologic exercise. 用例 , for example 在 Babylon 中可能存在的用例有很多，以下是一些已经实现或者未来有机会实现的用例： There are many examples that may exist in Babylon, and the following are examples that have already been achieved or are likely to be realized in the future: 1.减短质押周期与增强安全性：PoS 链通常都需要社会共识（社区、节点运营商、验证者之间的共识）来阻止长程攻击，长程攻击是一种通过重写区块链历史来篡改交易记录或控制链的攻击方式。这种攻击在 PoS 系统中尤为严重，因为与 PoW 不同，PoS 系统中参与共识的验证者不需要消耗大量的计算资源，攻击者可以通过控制早期的质押者密钥来重写历史。所以为了保证区块链网络的共识稳定与安全性，长质押周期基本是必要的，比如 Cosmos 的解质押周期就需要 21 天。但通过 Babylon，PoS 链历史事件可以加入 BTC 时间戳服务器中，从而用 BTC 作为信任源来取代社会共识，如此解质押时间就可缩短为只需 1 天（即 BTC 运行约 100 个区块后）。且 PoS 链在此时可具备原生 Token 质押与 BTC 质押双重保障； 1. Shorter pledge cycles and enhanced security: The PoS chain usually requires a social consensus (consensus among communities, nodes operators, certifying officers) to deter long-range attacks, which is an attack that alters the transaction log or control chain by rewriting the history of block chains. This attack is particularly serious in the PS system because, unlike PW, participants in the PoS system are not required to consume a great deal of computational resources, and the aggressor can rewrite history by controlling the early pledge keys. So, in order to ensure the stability and security of the block chain network, the long-term pledge cycle is basically necessary, such as 21 days for Cosmos's release cycle. However, the original Token chain historical event can be added to the BTC time stamped server, thereby replacing the social consensus with BTC as a source of trust, so that it can be reduced to only one day (i.e., about 100 blocks after BTC runs). 2.跨链互操作性：通过 IBC 协议，Babylon 能够从多个 PoS 链接收检查点数据，实现跨链互操作性。这种互操作性允许不同区块链之间无缝通信和数据共享，提升了区块链生态系统的整体效率和功能； Cross-chain interoperability: through the IBC protocol, Babylon is able to receive check-point data from multiple PoS links to achieve cross-chain interoperability. This interoperability allows seamless communication and data-sharing between the different block chains and enhances the overall efficiency and functioning of block chain ecosystems; 3.集成 BTC 生态：当前的 BTC 生态中的项目大部分还没有足够强的安全性，无论是 Layer 2、LRT 还是 DeFi，大部分还是依赖于第三方信任假设。而这些协议的地址中又寄存着大量的 BTC，未来也许能与 Babylon 碰撞出一些很好的契合方案，互相反哺，最终形成 Eigenlayer 在以太坊中那样强大的生态； 3. Integration BTC Ecology: Most of the current BTC ecologies are not sufficiently secure, be they Layer 2, LRT, or DeFi, and are largely dependent on third-party trust assumptions. These agreements contain a large number of BTC addresses, and they may be able to collide with Babylon in the future with some of the best compatible programs to feed each other and eventually form Eigenlayer's very powerful ecology in Etheria; 4.跨链资产管理：Babylon 协议可以用于安全管理跨链资产。通过为跨链交易添加时间戳，确保资产在不同区块链之间转移时的安全性和透明度。这样的机制有助于防止双重花费和其他跨链攻击。 4. Cross-chain asset management: The Babylon protocol can be used to secure the management of cross-chain assets. By adding a time stamp to cross-chain transactions, it ensures security and transparency in the movement of assets across the chain of blocks. Such a mechanism helps to prevent double spending and other cross-chain attacks. 巴比伦塔 巴比伦塔的故事来自《圣经·创世记》第 11 章 1-9 节，是一个关于人类企图建造一座通天塔，最终被神阻止的经典故事，其寓意象征着人类的统一和共同的目标。也是 Babylon 协议的潜在含义，该项目旨在为诸多 PoS 链建造一座巴比伦塔，并将其团结在一起。从叙事上来说似乎也并不比 Eigenlayer 这个以太坊捍卫者逊色，但实际情况如何呢？ The story of Babylona comes from the Bible, Book of Creation, chapter 11, sections 1-9, a classic story of humans attempting to build a tower of heaven, which was eventually prevented by God, and whose pseudo symbolizes the unity and common purpose of mankind. It is also the potential meaning of the Babylon agreement, which aims to build and unite a lot of Pos chains of Babylona. Nor does it seem to be any worse in narrative terms than Eigenlayer, an euphemist, but what is the reality? 截止当前，Babylon 测试网已经通过 IBC 协议为 50 条 Cosmos zone 提供安全性保障。而在 Cosmos 之外，Babylon 还与部分 LSD（流动性质押）协议、全链互操作协议、比特币生态协议达成合作进行集成。另一方面，在质押情况上，相比于 Eigenlayer 能对以太坊生态内的质押及 LSD 做复用，Babylon 当前还是稍显逊色。但从长远来看，沉睡在诸多钱包与协议中的 BTC 还没被完全唤醒，所以这仅仅只是 1.3 万亿美元的冰山一角，目前的 Babylon 还需与整个 BTC 生态形成积极的互补。 To date, the Babylon testing network has provided 50 Cosmos zone security guarantees through the IBC agreement. Beyond Cosmos, Babylon has worked together with some LSD (mobile pledge), full-chain interoperability, and Bitcoin eco-agreements. 旁氏套娃的唯一解 The only solution to the problem is "strong" and "strong" and "strong" and "strong" and "strong" 正如前言所述，Eigenlayer 与 Babylon 羽翼渐丰，从当前的趋势来看，两者未来将会锁定天量的区块链核心资产。即使这两个协议本身的安全性没有问题，但多重套娃是否会促使整个质押生态进入死亡螺旋，并引起不亚于美国再度加息级别的下跌？当下的质押赛道确实在以太坊转 PoS 与 Eigenlayer 横空出世后，经历了一段相当长久的非理性繁荣。项目方为了获取更高的 TVL，往往会甩出了大量空投预期与套娃叠加收益来诱惑用户，一个 ETH 从原生质押到 LSD 再到 LRT 甚至能套娃 5、 6 次。这自然会随着套娃叠加引起大量风险问题，只要其中一个协议出现问题就会直接影响参与套娃的所有协议（尤其是处于套娃结构尾部的质押协议）。而 BTC 生态又存在大量中心化方案，如果学葫芦画瓢，照搬这一套的风险只会更大。但需要明确的一点是，Eigenlayer 与 Babylon 本身是引导质押飞轮走向真正的实用价值，两者本质上是在创造真实的供需来抵消这种风险。所以“共享安全性”协议的存在虽然间接或直接促进了不良风气的加剧，却又是质押套娃跳脱旁氏收益的唯一解。现在更主要的问题是，“共享安全性”协议的商业逻辑是否真实成立？ As noted in the preamble, Eigenlayer and Babylon have grown stronger than ever before, and in view of the current trend, they will be able to lock in the natural core assets of the chain of blocks. Even though the security of the two agreements themselves is not in question, the multiplicity of wives will push the entire pledged ecology into the death spiral and cause it to fall again in the United States. This will cause a lot of risk problems in the current pledge lanes as the nests overlap, so long as one of these deals has a direct effect on all the commercial agreements involved in the condom (especially the pledge agreement at the end of the frame of the condom structure). 真实供需是关键 True supply and demand is the key 在Web3中，无论是公链还是协议，其底层逻辑往往都建立于“撮合”某种需求的买卖方。撮合得当者即可得“天下”，区块链本身只是让这个撮合公平、真实且可信。共享安全性协议从理论上来看可以和当下繁荣的质押及模块化生态形成良好互补。但仔细思考，这个供给是否将远远超过需求？首先对于供给端来说能提供模块化安全性的项目和主链相当之多，另一方面老牌的 PoS 链可能并不需要或者说碍于面子也不会租用此类安全性，而新式 PoS 链又是否能支付天量 BTC 与 ETH 所产生的利息，Eigenlayer 与 Babylon 的商业逻辑要形成闭环，至少需要赚取的收益要与协议内质押 Token 所产生的利息达成平衡。而即便这个平衡能达成，甚至收益远超利息的支出，这种情况下又会存在对新式 PoS 与协议的吸血。所以，如何在经济模型上权衡，不陷入靠空投预期发展的泡沫，更健康的带动供需双方将是重中之重。 In Web3, the bottom logic of a public chain or agreement is often built on the buyer and seller of a “synchronous” demand. The right one can be “under the sky” and the chain of blocks itself is only fair, real and credible. A security-sharing agreement can theoretically be well complemented by a booming pledge and modular ecology. But whether this supply will go far beyond demand.
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