本文首发：知矿大学
This post is part of our special coverage Mining University.
原标题：「知矿大学问答」什么是比特币的难度调整机制？
What is the difficult adjustment mechanism for Bitcoin?
栏目介绍
Introduction to Columns
「知矿大学问答」是以问答的形式，邀请行业资深从业者，解答用户挖矿相关的提问。提出好问题并被采纳的用户，将会获得知矿大学精美周边一份。
Questions and Answers at the University of Mines are in question-and-answer form, inviting senior industry practitioners to answer questions about mining by users.
来自 @我是矿工呀?的提问：
From @I'm a miner? Question:
比特币的挖矿难度是如何调整的？难度调整会带来哪些影响？
How are the difficulties of digging bitcoin adjusted? What are the implications of the adjustment?
知矿大学小编 @JackyLHH的回答：
@JackyLHH reply:
3月12日的市场暴跌，把比特币砸到了四千美元以下，同时也引发了“矿难”：蚂蚁S9、阿瓦隆A851等老矿机纷纷关机，比特币全网算力（七天平均）从暴跌前的116EHs下跌至最低点94EHs。
The market plunged on 12 March, hitting Bitcoin at less than 4,000 United States dollars. It also caused a “mine disaster”: old mining machines such as ant S9 and Avalon A851 were shut down, and Bitcoin's full net (seven-day average) capacity fell from 116 EHs before the crash to a low of 94 EHs.
随后几天发生的比特币挖矿难度调整，难度下调了15.95%，这是比特币历史上的第二大调整幅度。
The following days were marked by a 15.95 per cent reduction in the difficulty of mining bitcoin, the second largest adjustment in Bitcoin's history.
?01?什么是比特币的难度调整机制？
01? What is Bitcoin's Difficult Adjustment Mechanism?
北京时间5月12日凌晨3点23分，比特币达到63万区块高度，比特币区块奖励顺利减半。其实，“比特币每四年减半”的说法并不准确，因为减半时间是根据区块高度来决定的：比特币每21万区块经历一次区块奖励减半。
On May 12th, Beijing time, at 3.23 a.m., Bitcoin reached a height of 630,000 blocks, and the Bitcoin block reward was successfully halved. Indeed, the term “bitcoin is halved every four years” is inaccurate, because halving is determined by the size of the block: bitcoin is halved per 210,000 blocks.
所以，比特币的第一次区块奖励减半发生在区块高度21万，第二次发生在区块高度42万，今年5月份的史上第三次减半发生在区块高度63万。
Thus, the first halving of the Bitcoin block incentive took place at a block height of 210,000, the second at a block height of 420,000, and the third in May this year in a block height of 630,000.
那为什么大家常说“每四年减半”呢？因为比特币平均每10分钟出一个区块，21万个区块大约需要4年时间：
So why do you often say, "Freak it by half every four years?" Because Bitcoin leaves a block every 10 minutes, and 210,000 blocks take about four years:
210000 ÷（365x24x6）≈ 4
那么，比特币如何保证平均每10分钟出一个区块的呢？这就要归功于难度调整机制了。
So, how does Bitcoin guarantee an average of 10 minutes out of a block? That's thanks to the difficulty adjustment mechanism.
比特币系统规定，每2016个区块调整一次挖矿难度系数。如果还是按照平均每10分钟一个区块，一小时平均6个区块计算，比特币大概是每14天调整一次挖矿难度系数。
The Bitcoin system requires that the difficulty factor be adjusted for each block in 2016. If the difficulty factor is also calculated on the basis of an average block of 10 minutes per block and an average of 6 blocks per hour, Bitcoin is estimated to be adjusted for the difficulty factor every 14 days.
2016 ÷（24x6）=14
那么，这个挖矿难度系数如何调整呢？
So how do you adjust this mining difficulty factor?
下一周期（2016个区块）的难度系数，取决于当前周期内2016个区块所花的时间。如果这个时间正好等于20160分钟（按照10分钟一个区块，2016个区块的出块时间期望值），则下一周期难度系数保持不变；如果大于20160分钟，则按比例下调，但最多下调75%；如果小于20160分钟，则难度按比例增加，但最大不能超过4倍。
The difficulty factor for the next cycle (2016 blocks) depends on the time taken for the 2016 blocks in the current cycle. If this time is equal to 20160 minutes (based on the expectation of a block in 10 minutes and a block in 2016), the difficulty factor for the next cycle remains the same; if it is greater than 20160 minutes, it is reduced proportionately, but by a maximum of 75 per cent; if it is less than 20160 minutes, the difficulty is increased proportionately, but not more than four times the maximum.
依据的公式如下：
The formula is based on the following:
下一周期的难度系数=当前周期的难度系数 *?(20160分钟÷当前周期2016个区块的实际出块时间)
Difficulty factor for the next cycle = difficulty factor for the current cycle *? (20160 minutes actual block timing for 2016 blocks for the current cycle)
举个例子，如果当前周期的难度系数是15T，2016个区块的实际出块时间是10080分钟，那么下一个周期的难度系数就是30T：
For example, if the difficulty factor for the current cycle is 15 T and the actual block time for 2016 is 10080 minutes, then the difficulty factor for the next cycle is 30 T:
下一周期的难度系数=15T *（20160 ÷?10080）=30T
Difficulty factor for next cycle = 15T * (20160?10080) = 30T
?02?难度调整机制对挖矿的影响
strong?02? The effect of the difficulty adjustment mechanism on mining
由于比特币是每2016个区块调整一次难度系数，所以比特币的挖矿难度滞后于实际的算力变化。
As Bitcoin is an adjustment of the difficulty factor for each block in 2016, the difficulty of mining bitcoin lags behind the actual arithmetic changes.
举个例子，3月12日比特币暴跌后，一些老矿机比如蚂蚁S9陆陆续续关机下架，全网算力开始下跌，但3月9日～3月26日（区块高度620928～622943）这一周期内的挖矿难度一直是 16.55T。
For example, after the collapse of Bitcoin on 12 March, some old mining machines, such as ant S9, began to fall, and the whole network began to fall, but the difficulty of mining during the cycle of 9 March to 26 March (block height 620928-622943) has been 16.55 T.
在挖矿难度维持不变的一个周期内，如果BTC的价格下跌，挖矿的理论收益就会减少，一些机枪池会立马把一部分算力切换到相同算法但挖矿收益更高的币种去（比如BCH、BSV）。如果挖矿难度不变，但币价上涨，一些机枪池又会把算力切过来。机枪池的存在，会把BTC、BCH、BSV的挖矿收益差距逐渐抹平。
During a cycle in which the difficulty of mining remains constant, the theoretical benefits of mining will be reduced if BTC prices fall, and some machine gun ponds will simply switch part of their arithmetic to the same arithmetic, but the proceeds of mining will be higher (e.g., BCH, BSV). If the difficulty of digging is constant, but the price rises, some machine-gun ponds will cut them off. The existence of machine-gun pools will gradually close the gap between BTC, BCH, BSV and BSV mining proceeds.
比特币的挖矿难度也是一个风向标。在难度小或者持续下跌的时候，说明全网算力在下降，整个挖矿行业在变冷；挖矿难度大或者持续上升的时候，说明有更多的矿机上架运行，市场信心十足，整个挖矿行业在回暖。
Bitcoin's difficulty in mining is also a wind sign. When it is less or falling, it means that the whole network is falling and the whole mining industry is getting cold. When it is more or more difficult to dig, it means that more machines are on board, market confidence is strong, and the whole mining industry is warming back.
对于想要入场挖矿的矿工而言，由于挖矿难度、全网算力、币价这三个因素是动态变化的，所以在决定入场时间时，不妨关注下挖矿收益这个参数。
For miners wishing to enter the mine, due to the dynamic nature of the three factors, namely, the difficulty of digging the mine, the full value of the net, and the price of the currency, it may be useful to pay attention to the parameter of mining proceeds when deciding when to enter the mine.
?03?小结
比特币每2016个区块调整一次挖矿难度，调整的幅度是这2016个区块的实际出块时间与理论时间20160分钟的比值。因为难度调整机制的存在，才使得比特币能维持平均每10分钟出一个区块。
Bitcoin adjusts the difficulty of excavating each of the 2016 blocks by a margin of 20160 minutes for the actual timing of the release of the 2016 blocks. The difficulty adjustment mechanism allows Bitcoin to keep an average of 10 minutes out of a block.
比特币的难度调整滞后于实际算力的变化，但由于机枪池的存在，BTC、BCH、BSV的挖矿收益会趋于一致。目前，挖矿行业还远未成熟，挖矿依然有利可图。
Bitcoin’s difficult adjustment lags behind the actual arithmetical changes, but BTC, BCH, and BSV’s mining revenues will converge due to the presence of machine gun ponds. The mining industry is far from mature, and mining remains profitable.
风险提示：本文内容仅为作者个人观点，不构成任何投资意见或建议。
Risk reminder: The content of this paper is only the author's personal point of view and does not constitute an investment opinion or recommendation.
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