“区块链 ”的五大应用领域

自互联网诞生以来，这张覆盖着全球的网络，便迅速融入人们的日常生活，以多元化的方式在我们身边存在着。不过短短几年时间，互联网便迅速崛起，成为人们不可或缺的载体。

Since its inception, this global network has rapidly integrated into people’s daily lives and exists around us in a diverse manner. But in just a few years, the Internet has risen rapidly, becoming an indispensable vehicle for people.

继互联网之后，人类文明史上又创造出新的名词，那便是区块链。

After the Internet, a new term was created in the history of human civilization, which is the chain of blocks.

与互联网一样，区块链在短短几年里便被人所熟知。它依靠着巧妙的分布式算法和密码学，解决了互联网的安全隐患，成为未来5年内最有前景的行业之一。

As with the Internet, block chains are known in just a few years. It uses sophisticated distribution algorithms and cryptography to solve the security risks of the Internet, becoming one of the most promising industries in the next five years.

区块链技术未来在哪些领域用途最为广泛呢？

What are the areas in which block chain technology will be most widely used in the future?

区块链能够提供信任机制，具备改变金融基础架构的潜力，各类金融资产如股权、债券、票据、仓单、基金份额等都可以被整合到区块链技术体系中，成为链上的数字资产，在区块链上进行存储、转移和交易。

Block chains can provide trust mechanisms and have the potential to change the financial infrastructure, and all types of financial assets, such as equity, bonds, notes, warehouse receipts and fund shares, can be integrated into the block chain technical system, becoming digital assets on the chain and storing, transferring and trading on the block chain.

区块链技术的去中心化，能够降低交易成本，使金融交易更加便捷、直观和安全。区块链技术与金融业相结合，必然会创造出越来越多的业务模式、服务场景、业务流程和金融产品，从而给金融市场、金融机构、金融服务及金融业态发展带来更多影响。

Decentralizing block-chain technologies can reduce transaction costs and make financial transactions easier, more visible and more secure. Combining block-chain technologies with the financial sector will inevitably create a growing number of business models, service scenarios, business processes and financial products, with additional implications for financial markets, financial institutions, financial services, and financial development.

随着区块链技术的改进及区块链技术与其他金融科技的结合，区块链技术将逐步适应大规模金融场景的应用。

With improved block chain technology and the combination of block chain technology with other financial technologies, block chain technology will gradually adapt to the application of large-scale financial scenarios.

传统的公共服务依赖于有限的数据维度，获得的信息可能不够全面且有一定的滞后性。区块链不可篡改的特性使链上的数字化证明可信度极高，在产权、公证及公益等领域都可以以此建立全新的认证机制，改善公共服务领域的管理水平。

Traditional public services depend on limited data dimensions, and the information obtained may not be comprehensive and somewhat time-consuming. The inexorable characteristics of the block chain make the digitalization of the chain highly credible, which can be used to create new certification mechanisms in areas such as property rights, notaries, and public goods, and to improve the management of public services.

公益流程中的相关信息如捐赠项目、募集明细、资金流向、受助人反馈等，均可存放于区块链上，在满足项目参与者隐私保护及其他相关法律法规要求的前提下，有条件地进行公开公示，方便公众和社会监督。

Relevant information in public benefit processes, such as donation projects, collection details, financial flows, feedback from recipients, etc., can be stored on the block chain, subject to the conditions required by the privacy of project participants and other relevant legal and regulatory requirements, and made publicly available to facilitate public and social scrutiny.

利用区块链可追溯、不可篡改的特性，可以确保数据来源的真实性，同时保证数据的不可伪造性，区块链技术将从根本上改变信息传播路径的安全问题。

The use of traceable and non-manual features of the block chain can ensure the authenticity of data sources while at the same time ensuring that data are not falsified and that the block chain technology fundamentally alters the security of information transmission routes.

区块链对于信息安全领域体现在以下三点：

In the area of information security, the block chain can be seen in the following three points:

一、用户身份认证保护

I. User identification protection

二、数据完整性保护

II. Data integrity protection

三、有效阻止DDoS攻击

III. EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF DDoS ATTACKS

区块链的分布式存储架构则会令黑客无所适从，已经有公司着手开发基于区块链的分布式互联网域名系统，绝除当前DNS注册弊病的祸根，使网络系统更加干净透明。

The distributed storage structure of the block chain is beyond the reach of hackers, and companies have embarked on the development of a distributed Internet domain name system based on the block chain, eliminating the root causes of the current DNS registration problem and making the network system more clean and transparent.

区块链+物联网，可以让物联网上的每个设备独立运行，整个网络产生的信息可以通过区块链的智能合约进行保障。

The block chain plus object network allows each device on the item network to operate independently, and the information generated by the entire network can be secured through the smart contracts of the block chain.

a) 安全性

a) Security

传统物联网设备极易遭受攻击，数据易受损失且维护费用高昂。物联网设备典型的信息安全风险问题包括，固件版本过低、缺少安全补丁、存在权限漏洞、设备网络端口过多、未加密的信息传输等。区块链的全网节点验证的共识机制、不对称加密技术及数据分布式存储将大幅降低黑客攻击的风险。

The typical information security risks of the devices include poor hardware versions, lack of secure patches, bugs in access, too many network portals, unencrypted information transfers, etc. Consensus mechanisms for full network node validation in block chains, asymmetric encryption techniques, and data distribution storage will significantly reduce the risk of hacking attacks.

b) 可信性

b) Credibility

传统物联网由中心化的云服务器进行管控，因设备的安全性和中心化服务器的不透明性，用户的隐私数据难以得到有效保障。而区块链是一个分布式账簿，各区块既相互联系又有各自独立的工作能力，保证链上信息不会被随意篡改。因此分布式账本可以为物联网提供信任、所有权记录、透明性和通信支持。

The traditional network is controlled by a centralized cloud server, whose privacy data are difficult to effectively secure because of the security of the equipment and the non-transparent nature of the centralized server. The block chain is a distributed book, where blocks are interlinked and independently capable of working, ensuring that information on the chain is not tampered with.

c) 效益性

c) Benefits

受限于云服务和维护成本，物联网难以实现大规模商用。传统物联网实现物物通信是经由中心化的云服务器。该模式的弊端是，随着接入设备的增多，服务器面临的负载也更多，需要企业投入大量资金来维持物联网体系的正常运转。

Large-scale commercialization is difficult to achieve owing to cloud services and maintenance costs. Traditional object networking is a centralized cloud server. The vice of the model is that, as access equipment increases, servers face more loads and require significant investment by businesses to maintain the network system.

而区块链技术可以直接实现点对点交易，省略了中间其他中介机构或人员的劳务支出，可以有效减少第三方服务所产生的费用，实现效益最大化。

Block chain technology, in turn, directly achieves point-to-point transactions, omits labour expenditures of other intermediate intermediaries or persons and effectively reduces the costs and maximizes the benefits of third-party services.

供应链由众多参与主体构成，存在大量交互协作，信息被离散地保存在各自的系统中，缺乏透明度。信息的不流畅导致各参与主体难以准确地了解相关事项的实时状况及存在问题，影响供应链的协同效率。当各主体间出现纠纷时，举证和追责耗时费力。

The supply chain is composed of a large number of participating actors, with a large number of interactions, and information is stored in isolation in their respective systems and lacks transparency. The lack of flow of information makes it difficult for participating actors to accurately understand the real-time situation and problems and affects the efficiency of the supply chain.

区块链可以使数据在各主体之间公开透明，从而在整个供应链条上形成完整、流畅、不可篡改的信息流。这可以确保各主体及时发现供应链系统运行过程中产生的问题，并有针对性地找到解决方案，进而提升供应链管理的整体效率。

Block chains can make data open and transparent across subjects, thus creating a complete, fluid and non-manageable flow of information throughout the supply chain. This can ensure that subjects identify problems arising from the operation of the supply chain system in a timely manner and find targeted solutions that enhance the overall efficiency of supply chain management.

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